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| Title | Author | Year | Publication Type | Community Focus | Location | Description | Affiliation | Body |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero Hunger? Evaluating Brazilian Food Security Policy | Amy Margolies | 2011 | Policy Reports | Brazil, Global, Latin America | Brazil’s Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) policy framework was launched in 2003 with the advent of President Luiz Ignácio Lula da Silva’s administration. It was created with the… Read more | Leland Fellow | Zero Hunger Evaluating Brazilian food security policy Amy Margolies The Fome framework was launched with the advent President Luiz Igncio Lula Silvas administration created purpose alleviating poverty and ultimately eliminating hunger governments strategy improve attempted integrate programs promoting agriculture nutrition health education Social protection schemes like Bolsa Familia cash transfer were combined variety such support for smallholder farmers school meals recent years Brazil has intensified its focus transparency improved efficiency public monies invested social Corruption scandals have also brought scrutiny renewed attention government accountability Concurrently there growing commitment development communities encourage evidencebased policymaking capacity grows wealth opportunity monitoring evaluation Although often praised approach not all components been sufficiently evaluated Therefore impact platform integrated cannot fully understood burgeoning partner can set example other nations Furthermore examination could provide evidence whether approaches are most effective ways combat introduced Silva eliminate livelihoods poor incorporates many preexisting based design takes systems combating combining job creation into cohesive includes stamps popular restaurants technical assistance credit universal intersetorrialidade interagency cooperation comprehensive focused more corruption beginning discuss initiate evaluations effectiveness federal Active these new investigations Office Comptroller General Controladoria Geral Unio Tribunal Contas equivalent Management Budget Ministrio Pblico entity similar Government Accountability Annual lotteries sorteio municipal randomly select municipalities complete audit lottery designed discourage illegal practices using some ministries now conduct under their jurisdiction contract external assessments Ministry Health conducted httpwwwcgugovbrenglishAreaAuditoriaFiscalizacaoOQueE httpportaltcugovbrTCU httpwwwpgrmpfgovbr system Sistema nica Sade conditional program rigorously primarily due Secretariat Monitoring Evaluation within Development MDS published books indicators which funds outputs beneficiaries While efforts important must recognized that including national feeding international thoroughly examined assessment hampered lack across participating agencies limited financial continued preoccupation auditing datasharing Evidencebased Policymaking grown importance along push increase both nationallybased sponsored increased especially relation spending encouraged rigor role expanded beyond audits include outcomes cost motivation policymakers spurred Impact Latin America Mexicos Progresa Nicaraguas Red Proteccion Skoufias Impacts Welfare Rural Households Mexico Research Report International Food Policy Institute Washington Maluccio Flores Conditional Cash Transfer Program Nicaraguan Brazils revealed positive influencing Americas around world proliferation part attributed documentation impacts These influences even moved south north case New York City adopted modeled after American Countries independent offices assess performance However struggle nature office CONEVAL All made presentationhas caused intensive debate time criticism discrediting action media process publication commonly generated tension confrontation responsible different since still tend highlight whatever negative element arises from analysis while ignoring any Szekely potential political repercussions present formidable obstacle adopting rigorous United States debated use Millenium Challenge Corporation MCC highly obtaining difficult achieved tangible step forward posts largescale agency website general access flagship initiative Feed Future undergoing consultations research institutions develop strategic will doubt grapple same questions Hoddinott Conclusive data platforms would represent advance towards Such influence point improvements existing strengthen requests funding Evaluations may call issues used purposefully effectively tool achieving better results Political obstacles inevitably arise but middle ground exists between accepting what politically feasible incorporating proven work inconsistencies ameliorated governmentwide supporting Without institutional guidance standards costeffective greatest because they measured comparable tools For one compare another per capita spent each beneficiary Variability certainty required decision makers judging efficacy interventions major barrier rational Habicht Victora Vaughan espoused prominent economists Esther Duflo Many advocate particularly randomized control trials should standard methods ideal larger methodologies discounted utilizing costly timeconsuming than types Often qualitative reveal information explained quantitive Forcing choice storytelling success creates false dichotomy toolbox evalution much broader experimental studies quantitative coordinating institution Information SAGI internal unit IFPRI SAGIs allows citizens consult about accessible average citizen calculated terms inputs number rather effects intervention itself significant improvement does policies Despite apparent willingness cautious regarding release report currently available Results utilized ends released press conference directly prior presidential election During this period consulted involved gather show termination Lulas presidency Unfortunately did sufficient proposed measures output One innovative National School Feeding legislation passed schoolchildren well who vendors hand possible decentralized over management makes challenge pinpoint exact nutritional educational children eat economic buying locally easily assessed coverage facilitate readily identifiable groups Regardless welldesigned contribute valuable link local known homegrown donorsponsored initiatives carefully developing body necessary understand benefits model Adelman Gilligan Lehrer How Effective Education Programs Implications Disparities among handful Ministries budgets fund others neither nor expertise staff There welldefined systemic require coordinate either build themselves supported prospects dissemination ultimate objectives learn type consultation Organizing meetings stakeholders researchers challenges before implemented help ensure evaluability stakeholder buyin Additionally helps avoid reliance evaluating only those visible avoiding methodology mapping full picture mixed incorporation always done coherent way complementary steps useful budgeting providing objective justifications reconcile competing pressures governmentled appear efficient disparate individual yet shown Cost analyses costeffectiveness determining preferable predecessors Moreover intersectoral collaborative found complementarity improves component integration level influential Comprehensive address essential allow decisionmakers deliberate models THIS BRIEF FOR THE PURPOSES DISCUSSION ONLY AND NOT CITATION QUOTATION REFERENCES Bundy Burbano Grosh Gelli Jukes Drake Rethinking Safety Nets Child Sector World Bank Designs Adequacy Plausibility Probability Public Programme Performance Journal Epidemiology Estudo Caso PNAE nordeste brasileiro Fund Educational FNDE Braslia Sumberg SabatesWheeler Linking Agricultural SubSaharan Africa Theoretical Perspectives Szkely Towards ResultsBased Design Implementation Working Paper UNICEF Bridging gap making | |
| Policies for Effective Development: Rethinking the Role of NGOs in… | Sonia Lee | 2011 | Policy Reports | Global, Haiti, Latin America | Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) have a crucial role to play in the development of Haiti. NGOs deliver much-needed services to the population, including health care, education, food assistance… Read more | Leland Fellow | Policies for Effective Development Rethinking the Role NGOs Haiti Sonia Lee Leland International Hunger Fellow Policy Paper June Executive Summary Nongovernmental Organizations have crucial role play development deliver muchneeded services Haitian population including health care education food assistance and microfinance While work has undoubtedly provided relief support people presence also negative impacts they often larger capacity more resources than government inadvertently created parallel system which better resourced executed public The established their abundance country resulted being frequently called Republic However are left operate with little oversight accountability fragmented uncoordinated Further foreign donors giving funds directly over due fears corruption political crises Thus gained leverage how efforts shaped implemented Yet activities may not always align countrys priorities Given its limited weak institutions lack State inevitably reliant provide that able continued reliance indisputably impedes sustainable sovereignty caught cycle impairs longterm needs order address immediate recent events January earthquake flooding current cholera epidemic shown effective requires For redefined new strategies must devised coordinating NGO aligning renewing aid effectiveness building sector should focus solutions centered strengthening supporting Appropriate international domestic policies needed guide regulate function Foreign designed ensure major shifted Haitis With renewed global attention promised there great opportunity now rebuild smarter way respects increases own ability improve lives research purposes refer mainly organizations Local exist but same scope level funding United States Institute Peace Brief Recommendations following recommendations can most effectively together NonGovernmental Require engagement Government program design implementation Conduct reassessment strategy Donors Develop policy strengthens partner countries Comply Paris Declaration Aid Effectiveness Accra Agenda Action Reduce channeled expense GoH national Establish mechanism participatory transparent process identifying POLICIES FOR EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT RETHINKING THE ROLE HAITI Introduction some cases providing technical budget Consequently viewed adept large number particularly those living impoverished conditions relies heavily them essential social This further exacerbates low confidence local partners whole continually undermines rather investing would encourage strong leadership selfsufficiency ownership sustainability Furthermore citing reasons bypassed given But meet objectives respective end been criticized taking stronger monitoring struggles rethinking about develop include forging equitable partnerships engaging programmatic financial National Budget coordinated monitored avoid duplication wasting both developed changed central goal influx into scaling existing immense promises community devastation these consecutive contributed already difficult situation yet presents implement remain important part recovery true could lessen creates Background Country Context poorest Western Hemisphere one worst human indicators Latin AmericaCaribbean region Since independence wracked instability coup dtats two occupations brutal dictatorship military regimes all deterioration infrastructure widespread poverty held first democratic presidential elections democraticallyelected president was overthrown times coups detat Eighty percent under line incredible inequality income distribution nations wealth concentrated among just Massive deforestation loss agricultural isolated rural led urban migration denselypopulated slums vulnerable disease ill violence high unemployment Traditionally agrarian society farming served primary source livelihoods production response donor pressure globalize from producing foods export reducing tariffs imports UNDP Human Indicators Retrieved httphdrstatsundporgencountriesprofilesHTIhtml CIA World Factbook Economy httpswwwciagovlibrarypublicationstheworldfactbookgeoshahtml Pan American Health Organization PAHO Population Assessment Prior Earthquake result flooded USsubsidized such rice had devastating effect Presently constitutes gross product GDP whereas made half fact former President Bill Clinton told Senate Relations Committee March forcing reduction import good farmers Arkansas worked mistakethe lost produce crop feed peoplebecause what did Additionally loans InterAmerican Bank IMF imposed required privatization utilities highly productive state resource generated billion dollars annually costsaving measures reduced many decades directed used service external debt done majority poor although cancelled Heavily Indebted Poor Countries HIPC still faces Predictably dependent Stategenerated revenues remains rampant problem within Remittances serve informal contributor economy economic crisis impacted Diaspora affected amount remittances were sent back home leaving ever Following reconstruction costs estimated pledged though money reach Effect operating ranges second highest per capita world groups fourfifths account NYU School Law Center Rights Global Justice Partners RFK Zanmi Lasante Sak Vid Kanpe Impact Food CHRGJ PIH DemocracyNow Made Devils Bargain Fmr Apologizes Trade Destroyed Rice Farming Broadcast April httpwwwdemocracynoworgclinton_rice Schuller Mark CCI Tail Wagging Dog httpwwwhaitianalysiscomeconomyhaiti percentE percentsccithetailwaggingthedog Over received during dictatorships Duvalier fatherson From Jubilee USA Debt Cancellation httpwwwjubileeusaorgjubileeacthaitidebtcancellationresolutionresourcesonhaitisdebthtml Monetary Fund Statistics Support httpwwwimforgexternalnpcountryhtm Under IDB agreed write off million pay remainder USIP much quarter well job creation Inadvertently Despite various Although technically authority because generally unmonitored know where coordination leads less will collaborate certain project sit Ministry oversee coordinate projects institution NGOfunded staffed programs departments Inevitably issues between arise jealousy resentment staff come lacking compared Another brain drain recruit welleducated Haitians offering functioning wellresourced systems higher paying jobs highlybureaucratic resourcelimited setting apparent case doctors who trained choosing practice medicine hardtoreach areas workforce invested educating training workers especially ultimately suffers enough professionals available internal weakens institutional perpetuating continue channel direct USAID spent through single entire ministry Most recently postearthquake nearly Cordoba Jose Spawns Backlash Wall Street Journal November this years clear fight working partnership build govern reinforcing transparency Political channeling example longapproved blocked veto disputed parliamentary three totaling intended improvement reform potable water enhancement road rehabilitation seven parliamentarians question stepped down embargo placed humanitarian crippled putting significant impact diminished trust concern long time evident continues deteriorate cost rises unable basic lacks lifesaving constantly addressing create challenging necessarily show quantifiable results undermine take incentive change uncertainty whether genuinely chance transition wellfunctioning accountable III Recent highlighted poorly vulnerability discussions around need reassess devise ways successfully Coordination becomes Farmer Smith Fawzi Nevil Unjust Lancet unsustainable does require another positive Aligning Priorities Often focused differ engage aligns clearly defined key stakeholders understand comprehensive identified reflects agreements endorsed signatories call offer framework designing Code Ethics adopted applied These codes guidance greater Capacity Building takes meantime expertise fields Collaborations rebuilding solely concentrating delivery interventions intervention lasting tenuous huge cannot dismissed lightly More incentives motivate real factor pushing things forward genuine commitment form relationships motivating forces httpwwwoecdorgdocumenten_______html Association WANGO httpwwwwangoorgcodeofethicsaspx There examples partnered Haitibased affiliate Central Plateau organization solid network independently started recognize MSSP expand MSPP rehabilitated several hospitals centers teaching hospital provinces complemented personnel PIHtrained type privatepublic serves model puts action draw engages help Governments Cuba Through Cubas diplomacy medical students attend school free only stipulation once studies completed return communities compensate Cuban nurses remote throughout access ignore plays focuses aspects planning policymaking developing undermining individually collectively ensures percentage strengthen establishes dedicated collaborations andor incorporate principles input civil LasanteHaiti httpwwwpihorgpageshaiti inclusive hindering recipient lead alignment emphasize governments Therefore infused comply nonstate actors increased significantly while other Red Cross bilateral multilateral agencies private contractors depends financing damage when appropriate main recipients stipulate officially defines publicprivate carry out Input monitor Office Special Envoy Has Changed Channeling before after headed representatives crosssection multisectoral cooperation identify includes ending | |
| Policies for Government Ownership: Shifting the Balance in School Feeding… | Maielle Helman | 2011 | Policy Reports | Global | The UN World Food Program is working to transfer responsibility for funding and implementing the school feeding programs it established to national governments. This is a complex… Read more | Leland Fellow | POLICIES FOR GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP SHIFTING THE BALANCE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMS Maielle Helman Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellow June Executive Summary One the roadblocks continuously encountered development work role intervener and longterm vision their greater context intervention WFP particularly struggles with this question moving towards transitioning its current school feeding programs national government ownership This transition emphasis sustainability where countries move from relying mostly external funding implementation nationally funded implemented process fraught complexities paper will concentrate specific challenges program governments well ways mitigate depth these crucial first assess country readiness timing looking prequalifications for forward then create mediumterm finally decide appropriate next steps tailored good note that may not demonstrate conditions necessary successful which important conclusion itself both organization creating plan Principal components addressed are Alignment Existing National Policies Political Will analysis subsequent actions must driven needs Designing Targeting prioritization coverage most vulnerable populations universal Food Procurement Distribution examination different production sourcing options Ensuring Quality Standards mechanisms guarantee healthy food safety quality controls Capacity Strengthening inclusive management monitoring accountability systems Costeffective Stable Longterm Funding Budgeting space budget all related costs Community Participation Ownership inclusion community level participation design Multisectoral Coordination Partnerships accessing technical expertise resources relevant stakeholders Embarking extremely investment previously existing could take minimum years longer evidenced list above requires long range commitment planning parties involved ensure structures services channels operation put place Introduction Feeding children order improve education levels was idea introduced some recently others more than half century ago However even today universally carried out worldwide have often reliant donors The foreign aid developing world always tricky business Cultural political economic sensitivities juggled while constantly scrutinized illustrations impact There exists delicate balance between host countrys donorinternational institutions terms each How can pieces come together combination yield change form improved answer has changed over time evolving suit everchanging realities illustration shift occurs Putting Development into Context Many formal policies many implement through informal such exist World Programme played large shaping implementing Although done exclusively there several other organizations working similar goal been leading actor result continued presence conjunction new mindset locallyled initiatives shifted Critical numerous challenge policy framework step helpful break down present considerations Before Some points consider institutional financial capacity legislation addition extenuating civil unrest chronic climactic emergencies part would influence decision short medium strategy possible factors might lead noneligibility status does allow essential gain broad understanding circumstances situation before further adopt Examples relation rights child adequate nutrition etc See Section below examples Challenges Transition Process ALIGNMENT WITH EXISTING NATIONAL AND POLITICAL WILL understand how fit overall identify what health security agriculture social protection corresponding legal established Often already law poverty reduction Constitution provides population certain right but sometimes means execute enforce Therefore look broader picture fully taken without jumping ahead structure significant ability carry interests only one aspect bigger What behind determine much direction specifically reality reflects just written Exploring history areas relating reasons decisions made provide clearer why arrived Equally priorities point realistic discussion begin leadership principal key whether strong dedicated need ground within institution when facing obstacle frequent turnover administrations case imperative strategies maintain lines across DESIGNING Multiple account determining basis model use Haiti example adopted coordinates directly Kenya segmented local state yet still center reporting flows guidance Mali created integrates actors tailor best Source Burbano Carmen Emilie Sidaner Emerging Issues Field presentation TARGETING controversial designing usually due constraints ask Who should receive publicallyfunded Answering consideration following targeting either socioeconomic insecure Preprimary primary andor secondary yields less high dropout rates Regional cost implications Intraschool very sensitive difficult they chosen Governments prioritize feasible based budgets see belowYet advisable taking weigh improving throughout contains shortterm immediate hunger solutions sustainable formula works rather answers questions respective Another stumbling block lack accessible information Census data outdated incomplete rely privately sourced donor NGO stakeholder FOOD PROCUREMENT DISTRIBUTION gets producer consumer teachers administrators complex For accepted schools norms dietary habits geographic characteristics Cost nutritional gaps incountry procurement distribution help procured imported public private type suited another longerterm vary region employed involve players every matters Ministry Agriculture Health accountable shared responsibility Other market capabilities future growth Tied periodic VAM analyses Vulnerability Analysis Mapping demonstrating severity insecurity Chiles relies almost entirely sector Chilean httpwwwjunaebclprontus_junaebsitearticpagshtml sample table roles Ministries infrastructure deliver Less commonly considered ambition seek promote additional goals strengthening industry better focused consumption Benefits gained number sectors small scale farmers All potential opportunities constraint general traditionally provided staple foods running risk end depending commodities assume full supplying basic rice flour oil incorporate shortfall supply ENSURING QUALITY STANDARDS Creating regulations products produced locally little controversy regarding standards prior Here great assistance background set particular differing beneficiary age groups also play substantive These practices capability control purposes back enforcing body authorized CAPACITY STRENGTHENING assumes administrative support Specifically managing oversee integrated housed under Education ministry independent entity ensuring possesses authority run govern unit Accompanying system evaluation observe advancement make recommendations adjustments along way includes creation knowledge collected monitored accessed systematic Similarly monitor being delivered procedures properly clear communication illustrated Donor Govt Communities State Local aware experience international providing advisory bolster weaker identified instills gives getting buyin conforming cultural appropriateness efforts forging founded approaches thereby continue grow thrive COSTEFFECTIVE STABLE LONGTERM FUNDING BUDGETING mentioned larger economy School aim schoolage Reaching costeffective When never largescale pilot phase higher followed scaling decrease beginning tapering off goes house Finance ministries stake benefits Long built stability inevitably line denoted here parentheses her minor had graduated complete potentially disappear conducted collaboration find funds MONITORING ACCOUNTABILITY COMMUNICATION discount possibility communities contributing inkind possibly manual labor goods reach draw pertinent entities benefit indirectly expensive affordable structured capital worth wholly reflected intergenerational cycle relief reduced malnutrition educated workforce tomorrow ever progressed human steady COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Most listed presented mind vital chain recipients families They voice source vulnerability ones know lacking conceiving models ought Programming Management Group Vision did study literature review major insights Parentalcommunity involvement success General studies reported mixed results however value indisputable research unanimously agreed householdcommunity likelihood faced centralized decentralized manner hybrid household sense MULTISECTORAL COORDINATION PARTNERSHIPS highlight isolation cannot achieve eradication partners strengthen httpwvifoodorgindexphpoptioncom_contentviewarticleidschoolfeedingismakingadifferencecatidourstoryItemid agenda coordination earlier individual governing choose include objectives primarily educationbased encompasses complementary activities yielding wider leads outcomes mutually reinforcing economies producers access improvements name few option kind partnerships NGOs approach toward developmental governmentled needed emerging becoming valuable SouthSouth cooperation Countries stage own learn lot things mainly developed Below showing amongst like SAMPLE MODEL AMONG ACTORS Social Protection Water Planning NutritionHealth Unit Donors society TABLE POTENTIAL ROLES MINISTRIES Potential Role Program Administration oversight HealthNutrition Creation maintenance preparation menu Technical explore linkages incentivize stimulate Coordinate provision water hygiene Contribute laws enforced Manage assist EducationSchool manage finances execution Assist selecting contribute whole period Salvador transitioned graphic depicts Conclusions Policy Next Steps summarizes institutionled POLICY CHALLENGE ACTIONS CHANGE Identify action Verify Gather Weigh formulate Create Compare Forecast mutlisectoral effects Determine Design Establish Develop plans Integrate annual including households Mobilize interministerial Ensure advisorytechnical Foment path effective filled Yet obvious nor tangible referenced main roadblock programming becomes increasingly global now fast Cape Verde Ecuador progress famously Brazil among Each spent deal adapting functioning modify hone thriving reinforce thinking about advice attitudinal required donordependent receives requested partner relinquish objective goalled mentality imposed feels abandoned fine hence term handover since existed achieved overnight journey attention paid details via accomplish educational environment fosters personal promotes consequently improves life Daniel Balaban President FNDE Fundo Nacional Desenvolvimento Educao Consultation Rome Italy March expand area reflection psychosocial side build confidence reliance | |
| Hungry for Change: Holding USDA McGovern-Dole Food for Education and… | Erica Holzaepfel | 2011 | Policy Reports | Global | This paper analyzes the efforts the US Department of Agriculture’s Food Assistance Division has made to institutionalize rigorous monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the McGovern-Dole Food for… Read more | Leland Fellow | Hungry for Change Holding USDA McGovernDole Food Education and Child Nutrition Program Accountable Commitments Monitoring Evaluation Erica Holzaepfel Leland Hunger Fellow Department Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service June Executive Summary The Assistance Division FAD the charged with mandate demonstrate accountability achieving results meeting goals laid out its Congressionallysupported MGD Progress Programs FFPr This grounded extensive findings lack effectiveness development assistance programs around world pursuing combination actions meet these requirements including establishment Results Oriented Management ROM system institutionalization Divisionwide Policy extent which initiatives promise deliver changes necessary responding this appear limited feeble Most important staff lacks technical capacity embrace support while same time certain aspects process have served undermine essential tenets order effectively respond greater demonstration program needs ensure that logical frameworks reflect each underlying well commit hiring new competencies monitoring evaluation who can take full responsibility implementing Introduction Farm Securities Rural Investment Act formally authorized administered Office Capacity Building Development OCBD within FAS United States legislation requires independent third party midterm final evaluations all unless otherwise specified project agreement However since has operated absence policy Several external reviews food been conducted received strong criticism failure manage several systems procedures lies base criticisms Seeking address began develop institute comprehensive System achievement Agencywide recently taken steps devise guide robust managed under was launched International Aid Conference IFAD Kansas City Missouri sets forth extremely ambitious agenda institutionalize CFR Part available from httpwwwfasusdagovinfofrMcGovDoleasp partners conduct using most rigorous methodology possible focus impact Background last twenty years witnessed advancement into professionalized field study practice need learning international gained attention evolution discipline built upon significant effort understand ultimately resolve direct shortterm underpinning longterm causes poverty protracted underdevelopment result rapidly expanded numerous strategies more policies designed assist donors organizations seeking launch effective expansion over decade combined increased scrutiny use Government USG funds raised awareness better how problems they seek alleviate Organization Economic Cooperation Developments Committee OECD DAC series assessments aid progress member countries Paris Declaration Accra Agenda For Action surveys reveal not only dearth programming but also decisive failures Findings other httpstatsoecdorgIndexaspxDatasetCodeODA_DONOR httpwwwoecdorgdocumenten_______html helped catalyze appeal implement interventions determine best measure Since early strategic metaevaluations attempting outcomes discern role improve refine thinking design stressing place understanding dynamics operational context linking directly planning intervention Simultaneously shown must linked core preprogram such analysis baseline assessment framework indicators spurred specific tools methodologies are intended facilitate Despite heightened placed improving literature still draws critical gap monitor evaluate their response growing importance evaluating Accountability GAO Diana Chigas Peter Woodrow Demystifying Impacts Practice New Routes Vol March example see When Will Ever Learn Improving Lives Through Impact Center Global Report Gap Working Group May efficiency again These reports strongly noted improvements USDAs previous Inspector General OIG established Unit MES responsible managing providing performance management seeks theory FADs should implementation because strengthen transparency encourage appropriate organizational faced substantial undertake set measures upholding standards practices Statement current presents Divisions commitment requiring implemented compliance rules accurately reported against information httpwwwgaogovnewitemsdpdf used inform purpose particular aims integration processes serves stakeholders expectations regarding outlines range methods roles responsibilities key ways will disseminated decisions focuses higherlevel activities inputs outputs impacts include improved security nutritional status beneficiaries school enrollment attendance educational promotes decisionmaking level than achieved through tracking collecting anecdotes documenting individual success stories help internal coordination allocated achieve greatest end integrated structures reporting formulation financial budget human resource Reasons suggested among criticized failing basic targeted deficiency oversight Specific accounts limitations agency analysts provide feedback Officers systematic useful site visits completed Internal observation experience working reveals additional weaknesses USGAO Various Challenges Limit Effectiveness Efficiency Oversight Needs Improvement structural inadequacies addressed lead uphold Implementation prohibitively narrow singular led divergence away nutrition difficult capture McGovernDoles causal logic schoolbased meals takehome rations therefore almost entirely removed simplification reflects broader bring about shift fully light existing fundamental opposite extreme unrealistically large overly optimistic presently unequipped fulfill prepared does sufficient skills required resources hire given budgets remain unable hunger fail properly those populations report criticize predominant closeout exposes challenges ability carry clear primary work Pakistan Afghanistan clarify relation distinct regard supporting Performance GPRA passed subsequent Modernization January require agencies regularly Agency objectives outcome oriented targets links priorities pieces integrating involves informing httpwwwgpogovfdsyspkgBILLShrenrpdfBILLShrenrpdf participants explained above purposes written yet being part options considered plan detailing when make transition analyst exclusively proposal review negotiation commodity towards oversee involved beyond stage ending members equipped overseas sufficiently stages cycle takes consideration supports reconfigure intermediate cognitive function addition dominate model sure maintained invest regular training apply adjust plans maximize plays helpful deployment clearly defined | |
| Local and Regional Procurement: A Case Study of Mercy Corps’… | Emily Wei | 2011 | Policy Reports | Global, Haiti, Niger | This paper discusses the findings from recent reviews of local and regional purchase (LRP) food aid projects implemented by Mercy Corps in five countries, with emphasis on… Read more | Leland Fellow | LOCAL AND REGIONAL PROCUREMENT CASE STUDY MERCY CORPS PROGRAMMING HAITI KYRGYZSTAN NIGER Emily Wei June Congressional Hunger Center Leland International Fellow Mercy Corps EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over the past few decades one most powerful tools battle hunger has been provision food sourced and shipped from United States The government however begun fund alternative approach sourcing aid Local Regional Procurement LRPwhich purchase country region distribution use cash andor vouchers for nonfood items that reduce insecurity among targeted population budgets become tighter foreign agencies implementing assitance programs must manner increasingly efficient effective LRP relatively new arena therefore are still subject many unknowns This research was performed fill some gaps understanding far can learned through existing implemented eight five countries uses all three types mechanisms each its designed fit contexts corresponding needs beneficiary communities Findings TIME While Title commodity shipments traditionally take four six months reach their destination generally found beneficiaries shorter amount time Among average benefits begin days just over half COST cost comparison completed traditional same comparable basket goods shows percent equivalent savings EFFECTIVENESS were have positive impacts vendors who involved Some include Programs provide greater choice addressing address issues consumption might not psychological wellbeing avoiding negative coping multiple addon effects respectful mechanism Impacts important keep mind even though efficiency factor instances emergency timed coincide with lean seasons Therefore could earlier than recorded figures above Looking number procurement give more accurate how quickly operationalized For this includes costs commodities sea shipping inland transportation rates fumigation handling inspection where these available expanding business capacity building aligning formal systems national INGO related integrate local into relief development activities sense community benefit economic recovery also nonparticipating lead which difficult fully understand unless they studied longer period However potential work bring people businesses longterm protection against One issue contention whether fulfills Harm tenet study showed affected prices notable degree displaced livelihoods Food safety quality adequately addressed Policy recommendations regarding funding Advocate channels including funds currently used Farm Bill IDA explore others less readily tapped PEPFAR McGovern Dole nonemergency lengthier projects better achieve coordination donors USAID USDA continued attention data collection market monitoring implementation linkages between aspects things like allowance crosssectoral components conjunction much MYAPs flexibility allow change program design changing landscape Encourage dissemination lessons governments social nets mobile money etc widely applicable steady broader ensure markets disrupted BACKGROUND regional Government LRPthrough recently allowed exploration such recent example Foreign Assistance Act permits response international disasters supplemental appropriation Operations disaster assistance transfers purchasing World Program WFP years now Purchase Progress pilot looking developmentfocused linking small holder farmers million budget funded USG Overall Accountability Office GAO estimates about worth drawn account since Funds come USAIDs Disaster OFDA State Departments Bureau Population Refugees Migration Presidents Emergency Plan AIDS Relief implements both office Peace FFP stated goals twofold meet make started authorized Conservation Energy year running total purpose examine timeliness main objective help due crises because duration USDAs developmental heavier focus Mechanisms Cash Vouchers ProcurementDistribution There basic localregional distributions direct either conditional unconditional buying part but control donor security outcomes risk transfer skew selection limit purchases certain They additional intended integrating them system formalizing growing APS Last there operating usually open limited tender process suppliers bid public call relies heavily large whereas voucher smaller type course whole poses default other distortions Understanding date Existing finds depending location situation costly ship transport store distribute times providing recipients only cents dollar information will increased efficiencies appropriate when properly functioning Cornell University created Market Information Insecurity Response Analysis MIFIRA framework identify best fits given context harm before helps agency decide would Monitoring evaluation especially during any disruption break along working together under Learning Alliance activity streamlines across while indepth analysis own Unknowns questions Because programming quite emergencies yet known piloting longerterm implemention hard realize short Likewise aims very results shown raised previous studies Whether standards maintained locally purchased problem defaulting tenders general reliability poor infrastructure logistical capacities hinder timing restrictions inhibit efficacy LRPs affect adversely agricultural consumers insecure negatively producers Purpose Hanrahan Charles Aid Research Service January PVOs implement encounter mentioned Experience different those prorgams name Country Donor Timeframe Localized Immediate Drought LIDR Niger RESPOND LEARN USAIDFFP KimbeLa Hang Haiti Voucher Mobile EFA Kyrgyzstan Community Based Nutrition Intervention Insecure Households USAIDOFDA Zimbabwe Urban Feeding ZUFP LocalRegional Tajikistan These visited interviews group discussions conducted explained further methodology Below detailed description targets vulnerable households taken PortauPrince require expanded Beneficiaries chosen receive initial baseline survey subsequent verification distributes piloted innovative collaboration private phone banking allows easily introduces transaction useful areas lives Each household per month buy following staple foods rice beans oil maize phones had respond drought ongoing assist Beneficiary rations cowpeas procures cooking salt merchants engages monthly two first severe energy crisis crop failures resulted lack stores high regionally procured Kyrgyz distributed winter until next harvest reached second soon after ethnic unrest caused displacement loss life assets populations creating humanitarian southern form conflict already facing chronic did hungry restore sustaining demand locallyproduced wheat flour vegetable began political exacerbated plight urban access employment Through baskets consisting peanut butter cornsoy blend CSB series environmental particularly children age orphans disabled elderly womenheaded METHODOLOGY Field Interviews Focus Group Discussions took place researcher field visits included key informant staff set questionnaire guidance able participate herself except room followup probing questioning enhance qualitative findings themes participants experience what cashvouchersfood individual preferences worked closely teams sampled variety characteristics rural gender ages met differing criteria countryregion officers multiyear MYAPS Cost Comparison using calculator provided versus Commodity Shipping rate Fumigation Inland Inspection Handling Other calculations differed printing Kompanion III MAIN FINDINGS Time stocks prepositioned elsewhere Michigan report subsaharan African saved subSaharan Africa around similar inkind Latin America Tschirley David Anne Marie del Castillo Assessment Elements Good Practice MSU Development Working Paper Can Enhance Efficiency Challenges May Constrain Its Implementation Effectiveness objectives oriented added explored section upon primary groups curb avoid freeing resources health education Generally preferred programing gave case received superior themselves All Where almost despite freedom provides limitations always necessary targeting came season migrated Libya Cote DIvoire returning home immigration eat meals day opposed improved nutritional status challenge faced extent actually essential element good utilization Locally thus result Our often traded sold left uneaten decreasing ensuring gain likely utilize guarantee reliable regular onset creates reported major worrying meal cases size hosting IDPs migratory returnees Nigers create solidarity peace shared prevented resorting harmful selling eating nutritious famine families sell animals young men migrating knew enough disposal various ways gardens produce supplemented income pay school fees sustained labor production land without resort sending male another keeping farms sustain upcoming significant usedbeneficiaries made possible severely integration start helped woman her stock stand she driveway making supply neighbors too afraid restock shops destroyed payment daughters university overwhelming appreciation fact respect chance choosing Additionally conveyed Impact Vendors Integrating immediate players well majority participating expand contributed economy hiring employees cited participation margin supplier his volume him supplying stocking tendering build bids contracts contract amendment brought sector discussed below required records portion got opportunity learn transactions When asked interested continuing skills developed procurementdistribution aligned registering having proper documentation effect licenses patents acquired within entering longstanding intention get patent impetus finally obtain Similarly submitting increase profits varied strategy light drastic unexpected price fluctuations appreciated being felt playing reconstruction clear need became source integral offered After conflicts recover varying degrees stands neighborhoods functional peoples patterns changed fear going dominated ethnicity coupled stalls spring contribute contributing off debts incurred aftermath Even directly credit feel obliged interest burden With budren distorted disbursement Potential Both want identification controversial aspect event lost materials gives incentive replace documents developmentoriented purposes brings back anything slower seen impact establishes net equipped administer individuals issued implications tremendous influx certainly point should meeting preventing expect future protect act scan satisfying disruptions concern rose concert world increases identified Only cursory gathered specifically normally amounts petite marche perhaps larger tested localized nature inspector compared extant Codex Alimentarius adopted Nations unsuitable human animal feed instruction inspectors Recommendations RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING FUNDING proven costeffective fast nonemergencies becomes politically salient push continue preliminary notes attainable predictable procurements occur marketing cycles continues stimulus increasing farm basis Sustained farmer confidence external exists reasonably favorable longest Capacity Building Agricultural Page spanned recognized implementers itself hardly productivity realized nonagricultural great bodies again Funding coordinated crossagency complementary recommendation possibly link see longerlasting focused towards grows settings FOR IMPLEMENTATION Roundtable Responding Transfer Interventions held responses recommended initatives Such Much inclusion volatility greatly power maybe right knowing changeover EMMA largescale experiences Many collect statistics offices FEWSNET partnerships alliances Also entire value chain documented looks does look growers | |
| Local Purchase and Smallholder Farmers: Revisiting the Logic Underpinning Common… | Blake Audsley | 2011 | Policy Reports | Global | Recently, local purchases aiming to directly benefit smallholder farmers have gained significant support as a development tool. While a range of approaches exist, many of the commonly… Read more | Leland Fellow | Local purchase and smallholder farmers Revisiting the logic underpinning common assumptions Blake Audsley served Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellow with World Food Programmes Purchase for Progress pilot from The views expressed here are those solely author not necessarily represent Programme its donors partners Congressional Center Executive Summary For number years humanitarian agencies have used local regional procurement supply their food aid operations Recently purchases aiming directly benefit gained significant support development tool While range approaches exist many commonly held that underpin smallholderfocused need revisited Specifically issues related targeting suppliers current measures mitigate price distortion linkages between productivity income contextspecific applicability sustainability goals should more critically debated Moving forward implementing will develop strategies inclusive market actors throughout value chain fully account risks associated redistributing marketing margins manage expectations potential such Introduction sector has evolved rapidly over past decade Practitioners academics alike extensively traditional paradigm inkind donations shipped recipient countries monetized nongovernment organizations NGOs large segments community some time advocated greater share assistance cash finance alternative response modalities transfers vouchers purchasing key stakeholders emerging philanthropic reached critical mass until recently WFP worlds largest relief organization been locally traders exporters developing developed expertise use LRP source supplies timely costefficient manner Yet only broader international begun looking both better leverage increasingly scarce funding well address underlying causes livelihood vulnerability Amongst tools being tested globally what referred Broadly this approach targets attempt catalyze through improvements smallholders access effect increase incomes most highprofile programs WFPs country buying staple commodities using variety tendering practices experiment however Increasingly entered into fold ready expands Despite best efforts numerous engaged there often considerable confusion surrounding This expected involved complex web nearly convoluted agricultural markets they facilitate What follows considers encountered when contemplating members neither endorsement nor condemnation implement roles far too varied contextualized exercise Rather aims outline regularly made regarding why may hold all cases Assumption way help them fallacy requires reality perhaps nuanced Smallholder about how can resources different entry points ways perform particularly vulnerable other words improved outcomes goal though via understand one must appreciate role play functioning There middlemen aggregation cleaning storage transportation processing necessary link producers consumers size scale relative dominance these varies widely Like limited working capital financing capricious policy environments volatility accused sometimes fairly collusive lacking transparency taking advantage also assume incredible amounts risk operate tight Crowding out weakens walks fine line temporary smallscale displacement hopes gradually increasing efficiency fullon crowding shortrun strengthen creating demanddriven incentives concurrent establishing parallel structures put business Large formalized private enterprises able absorb shock small decreases normal base but less likely case smallerscale Relatively modest standards potentially massive amount lost segmented isolated With little similar vulnerabilities compensate Displacing decrease capacity aggregate store transport process leading overall losses resilience thus themselves instances Priority given locating bottlenecks alleviate constrictions Value analysis becomes essential considering interventions instance rationalized solution assumed predatory pricing oligopolistic assumption fact true then root problem lack demand incentivize production rather competition amongst than offering supplyside would reason finding engage could bring new entrants thereby lowering transaction costs Southern Eastern Africa experimented nascent exchanges Unique contexts necessitate unique Targeting every which exactly point require especially intermediate processes end buyers Such take forms currently Increased commodity discovery absence sustainable reliable information systems increased transporters services geographical expansion integrate rural urban fortified milled cereals availability nutritious foods domestic raw inputs These options institutional without involving steeped efficient facilitation work around Purchasing surplus areas sufficient lowincome carries decreasing significantly unintentionally exert upward pressure retail prices negatively impact dependent upon Implementing typically where thick relatively simple data available devolved subnational level microlevel corollary net buyerseller status whether household produces majority consumes primarily Surplus tonnage metrics based problematic ignores expenditure All households least nonfood items Translating dependence terms temporal dimension pronounced seasonality low following harvest peaks during lean period quantity sold farmer worth cost buy back later season seller sell volume However translating same receive sale spend under seasonal conditions Volumebased assessments run inadvertently declaring surplusproducing supplier negative flow high dependency meet consumption needs even changes supplydemand balance greatly complicates unclear situation might survey required investigate further expensive timeconsuming gather consider difference farm relationship expenditures cyclical patterns lagged effects affecting Investigating first step dimensions behavior considered underlines detailed baseline flexible responsive monitoring rapid feedback loops implemented retargeting prioritized comes expense coverage project Aggregate considerations complementary integration Focusing losing sight transmitted thicker exhibit smaller due ceteris paribus resulting transmission accounted Wellintegrated transmit increases quickly poorly integrated degree tied closely wellintegrated freely capable compensating trade greatest target locations connected very literal sense danger minimal localized amplified interregional flows shortfalls sensitive dynamics understanding dataintensive understood operating necessitates targeted regular Market intelligence remain bottleneck recalibration Demand incentivizes debate maximize viewed two yet distinct perspectives From security standpoint yields certainly contribute differs premise validate assertion function nonfarm earnings alongside create occur diversified Considering profit uncertainty frequency climatic shocks carefully incentivizing staples interests strategy effective seeds fertilizers land andor laborconstrained Staple generally lowmargin prone drastic presenting unpredictability environment exacerbated regions politics result interventionist government crop leaving distorted unpredictable Recent examples observed minimum Kenya Malawi restrictions Tanzania extensive reserve Zambia Marginal indeed riskaverse resourceconstrained enhance types crops ownconsumption foodinsecure primary concern foodsecure utilize diversifying interference predictable free regimes higher marginal farming evaluated casebycase basis assess entering particular segment prevailing addition already reflect comparative Diversification means minimizing applies optimal utilization labor produce quality specifications make additional investments drying sorting reach buyer fundamental question occupy downstream space helping capture own evaluation answers sought Smallholders failing recover volatile revenue while profitability displace devoted casual part calculated reduction Farmers engaging chains certain because see generalized characterizes across world attributed social group outweighed offfarm incomegenerating activities suggest performing Pareto optimally slack profitable cutting encouraged Valueadded sustained Incentivizing makes present future national Codex Alimentarius Producing grade agency utilized efficiently valueadded compensated come cannot marketed after exits oneoff gains Furthermore costefficiently maintain compromised subsidized third parties longer periods applicable respect costefficiency conform basic principles conversations pay likequality paying premiums repackaging infant industry argument distorting First providing procuring unfair goods donor money isolate incurred Second inflationary artificially inject liquidity encourage retailers subject budget constraints lowcompetition typify Third above engenders beneficiaries who incentivized competitiveness upgrades allow sustainably Finally inefficient itself Being purchasers distributors subsidy paid betteroff Each dollar spent rations program recipients build pitfalls avoided shown substantial experience informed import parity timeliness appropriateness distributes intensive iteration reserved demonstrated distortive flawed West African rice experienced difficulty competing modernized Southeast Asian including transoceanic shipping Degraded infrastructure postconflict early recovery situations led difficulties chronic acute poverty continues leveraging modality cautiously priming existing institutions accessible aim implementation scaleup posed proponents answer lies differentiating ability procure Indeed origin industrial constitute Barriers insurmountable contrast nature topdown activity objective performance benefits perspective repetitive never competitive administrative having lots supplied per unit decentralized uplift nearby delivery making attractive bureaucratic procedures move tonnages repeatedly processors economies outcompete Donor subsidies removed full evaluating represents costeffective Recommendations positively various lie along path chances success implementers Encourage dont ultimately achieve core runs undervaluing assumes face problems addressed overarching solutions Markets invariably communitys footprint involve cognizant sizeable shifting Just sells his her does mean heshe earning off Where producing product assisted met try force Failing playing livelihoods poor Revisit change Conditions evolve Opportunities Regular macro meso analyses needed constantly update beyond simply reevaluating participants selected economic rationale behind engagement Agencies calls decisions relevant now phase learning attempting reaffirm initial possibly Manage still infancy known gauge welfare positive impacts highly invasive mindful lead unanticipated harmful population seek assist measure humility caution serve practitioners replicate successes learn failures |
At CHC’s June 7, 2012, Congressional Awards Ceremony… Read more we will honor Senator Dick Durbin and Senator Roy Blunt. We invite
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