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| Title | Author | Year | Subject Area | Publication Type | Community Focus | Description | Affiliation | Body |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zero Hunger? Evaluating Brazilian Food Security Policy | Amy Margolies | 2011 | Food Aid, Food Systems and Agriculture, School Feeding | Policy Reports | Brazil’s Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) policy framework was launched in 2003 with the advent of President Luiz Ignácio Lula da Silva’s administration. It was created with the… Read more | Leland Fellow | Zero Hunger Evaluating Brazilian food security policy Amy Margolies The Fome framework was launched with the advent President Luiz Igncio Lula Silvas administration created purpose alleviating poverty and ultimately eliminating hunger governments strategy improve attempted integrate programs promoting agriculture nutrition health education Social protection schemes like Bolsa Familia cash transfer were combined variety such support for smallholder farmers school meals recent years Brazil has intensified its focus transparency improved efficiency public monies invested social Corruption scandals have also brought scrutiny renewed attention government accountability Concurrently there growing commitment development communities encourage evidencebased policymaking capacity grows wealth opportunity monitoring evaluation Although often praised approach not all components been sufficiently evaluated Therefore impact platform integrated cannot fully understood burgeoning partner can set example other nations Furthermore examination could provide evidence whether approaches are most effective ways combat introduced Silva eliminate livelihoods poor incorporates many preexisting based design takes systems combating combining job creation into cohesive includes stamps popular restaurants technical assistance credit universal intersetorrialidade interagency cooperation comprehensive focused more corruption beginning discuss initiate evaluations effectiveness federal Active these new investigations Office Comptroller General Controladoria Geral Unio Tribunal Contas equivalent Management Budget Ministrio Pblico entity similar Government Accountability Annual lotteries sorteio municipal randomly select municipalities complete audit lottery designed discourage illegal practices using some ministries now conduct under their jurisdiction contract external assessments Ministry Health conducted httpwwwcgugovbrenglishAreaAuditoriaFiscalizacaoOQueE httpportaltcugovbrTCU httpwwwpgrmpfgovbr system Sistema nica Sade conditional program rigorously primarily due Secretariat Monitoring Evaluation within Development MDS published books indicators which funds outputs beneficiaries While efforts important must recognized that including national feeding international thoroughly examined assessment hampered lack across participating agencies limited financial continued preoccupation auditing datasharing Evidencebased Policymaking grown importance along push increase both nationallybased sponsored increased especially relation spending encouraged rigor role expanded beyond audits include outcomes cost motivation policymakers spurred Impact Latin America Mexicos Progresa Nicaraguas Red Proteccion Skoufias Impacts Welfare Rural Households Mexico Research Report International Food Policy Institute Washington Maluccio Flores Conditional Cash Transfer Program Nicaraguan Brazils revealed positive influencing Americas around world proliferation part attributed documentation impacts These influences even moved south north case New York City adopted modeled after American Countries independent offices assess performance However struggle nature office CONEVAL All made presentationhas caused intensive debate time criticism discrediting action media process publication commonly generated tension confrontation responsible different since still tend highlight whatever negative element arises from analysis while ignoring any Szekely potential political repercussions present formidable obstacle adopting rigorous United States debated use Millenium Challenge Corporation MCC highly obtaining difficult achieved tangible step forward posts largescale agency website general access flagship initiative Feed Future undergoing consultations research institutions develop strategic will doubt grapple same questions Hoddinott Conclusive data platforms would represent advance towards Such influence point improvements existing strengthen requests funding Evaluations may call issues used purposefully effectively tool achieving better results Political obstacles inevitably arise but middle ground exists between accepting what politically feasible incorporating proven work inconsistencies ameliorated governmentwide supporting Without institutional guidance standards costeffective greatest because they measured comparable tools For one compare another per capita spent each beneficiary Variability certainty required decision makers judging efficacy interventions major barrier rational Habicht Victora Vaughan espoused prominent economists Esther Duflo Many advocate particularly randomized control trials should standard methods ideal larger methodologies discounted utilizing costly timeconsuming than types Often qualitative reveal information explained quantitive Forcing choice storytelling success creates false dichotomy toolbox evalution much broader experimental studies quantitative coordinating institution Information SAGI internal unit IFPRI SAGIs allows citizens consult about accessible average citizen calculated terms inputs number rather effects intervention itself significant improvement does policies Despite apparent willingness cautious regarding release report currently available Results utilized ends released press conference directly prior presidential election During this period consulted involved gather show termination Lulas presidency Unfortunately did sufficient proposed measures output One innovative National School Feeding legislation passed schoolchildren well who vendors hand possible decentralized over management makes challenge pinpoint exact nutritional educational children eat economic buying locally easily assessed coverage facilitate readily identifiable groups Regardless welldesigned contribute valuable link local known homegrown donorsponsored initiatives carefully developing body necessary understand benefits model Adelman Gilligan Lehrer How Effective Education Programs Implications Disparities among handful Ministries budgets fund others neither nor expertise staff There welldefined systemic require coordinate either build themselves supported prospects dissemination ultimate objectives learn type consultation Organizing meetings stakeholders researchers challenges before implemented help ensure evaluability stakeholder buyin Additionally helps avoid reliance evaluating only those visible avoiding methodology mapping full picture mixed incorporation always done coherent way complementary steps useful budgeting providing objective justifications reconcile competing pressures governmentled appear efficient disparate individual yet shown Cost analyses costeffectiveness determining preferable predecessors Moreover intersectoral collaborative found complementarity improves component integration level influential Comprehensive address essential allow decisionmakers deliberate models THIS BRIEF FOR THE PURPOSES DISCUSSION ONLY AND NOT CITATION QUOTATION REFERENCES Bundy Burbano Grosh Gelli Jukes Drake Rethinking Safety Nets Child Sector World Bank Designs Adequacy Plausibility Probability Public Programme Performance Journal Epidemiology Estudo Caso PNAE nordeste brasileiro Fund Educational FNDE Braslia Sumberg SabatesWheeler Linking Agricultural SubSaharan Africa Theoretical Perspectives Szkely Towards ResultsBased Design Implementation Working Paper UNICEF Bridging gap making | |
| The Implications of Aflatoxin Contamination for Local Food Safety in… | Tiffany Imes | 2011 | Food Systems and Agriculture | Policy Reports | Senegal is one of the lead producers of groundnuts, also known as peanuts, in the world. Their production contributes significantly to food security, poverty reduction, livestock feeding,… Read more | Leland Fellow | The Implications Aflatoxin Contamination for Local Food Safety Senegal Tiffany Imes Mickey Leland Fellow Program Analyst USDA Office the Secretary Executive Summary one lead producers groundnuts also known peanuts world Since are cash crop and food their production contributes significantly security poverty reduction livestock feeding national trade development response rising global prices early Government GOS supported increased agriculture focusing specifically groundnut sector through Great Agricultural Offensive Abundance GOANA But highly susceptible aflatoxin contamination country several hotspots subSaharan Africa recent study documented distribution different agroecological zones within verified that soil reservoir field infections poor storage practices Samples collected showed mean levels were well above acceptable humans Between reached million tons increase percent when compared previous year nearly three times amount produced between this surplus deficits lifted restrictions peanut exports European market order include all varieties with exception seeds intended Decree revenue farmers but limited capacity few local oilprocessing companies account formal purchases have left many options sell unofficial markets lower price informally process animal feed cakes oil other products homes consumption sale result system landscape has changed drastically These changes created dietary environment where consumers relying more peanutbased This lack diversity coupled safeguards prevent mitigate serious health implications populations Diedhiou Given data difficult collect biological markers exposure used proxy Wild GAIN Report Aflatoxins group toxic cancer causing mycotoxins can cause immunesuppression impaired growth severely impacted safety quality various countries Asia South America Major agricultural commodities most Aspergillus fungus maize oilseeds spices cottonseed tree nuts Humans animals affected acutely chronically they ingest foods contaminated aflatoxins possible eat produce meat eggs milk Crops become produces both before after harvest Prior because stress caused high temperatures damage from insects dry conditions Once matured likelihood increases exposed rain humidity improperly dried stored transported Regulation consumed people varies countrytocountry Studies Benin Togo Gambia linked kwashikor liver susceptibility hepatitis effective way minimize prevention management Recent interviews located Diourbel Nioro provided insight into impact knowledge attitudes drying techniques along information acceptability preharvest technology called Biocontrol applied corn crops following paper highlights foodsafety communities Based discussions smallholders areas late April gives overview current postharvest being Policy recommendations made how promote better Background thes community fungi mycotoxin poisonous byproducts certain producing Williams Technology uses native strains Flavus not competitively exclude aflatoxinproducing capable specific secondary metabolites Exposure immunesystem suppression disease death Mycotoxin occurs frequently tropical environmental factors including weather insect infestation contribute staple especially fungal invasion during stages Serious attention been given years foodborne developing may ingesting United Nations Organization FAO found over billion risk chronic International standards vary according whether will directly further processed Groundnuts usually divided two categories oilseed edible Levels generally regulated parts per ppb allow maximum human lotbylot basis feeds than meal while Australian Union set direct those harmonized among member states analysis Joint FAOWHO Expert Committee Additives JECFA which assessed associated risks processing allowable content Consequently vulnerable acute Because rely heavily staples these individuals likely daily One largest occurrences severe poisoning was Kenya Individuals seven districts ate locally extremely died became ill Smaller outbreaks reported Organic compounds involved normal reproduction organisms parasiticus flavus Montesano Used cake Mbaye Mybaye Testing carried out samples pulled batch USDAGIPSA Handbook Otsuki Centers Disease Control Some unavoidable Many developed such States grapple daytoday implementation sanitary phytosanitary enforcement Drug Administration access diagnostic technologies reaching adversely effecting Unfortunately mechanisms place West public farreaching studies completed SSA measured molecular biomarkers significant percentage consume crosssectional prevalence blood taken children months old weaned using revealed highest eating solid longer breastfeeding receiving breast Another faltering particularly stunted Additionally had some level Liver hepatocellular carcinoma common males infection virus HBV Turner evaluated relationship African reflected exceeding sample higher becoming infected international export find very challenging adhere stricter Codex Alimentarius commission According World Bank Discussion Paper Standards Competiveness Africas Gong Agriculture Health guidelines organically part overall project event dispute Trade expected treat neutral consensus based Groundnut Exports Europe experienced decrease decades demands shifted requires subject Most recently obstacle participating initiatives like Purchase Progress actual program operations take Through Programme initiative able surpluses types programs homegrown school aim offer purchased cases rejected too Effective need adopted regional procurement becomes widespread addition barrier problem Over past once lucrative steady decline productivity push did outcome instead domestic patterns Smallholders unable benefit matter much Trends Production subsidized seed fertilizer inputs began Senegals harvests Global Information Network report Foreign Service surface would appear going revitalization five seen actuality there only demand fraction what see Table Peanut Destination Senegalese Statistics Agency Rios Jaffee totaling respectively shows majority explanation SONACOS NOVASEN virtually unrefined absorb volume receive small quantities time space transportation capability resulted making them important step detoxification ammonia ensures safer lowering oilcakes meeting ammoniation costly patented SONACOs readily available use sells its product detoxify themselves sold informal household None detoxified Concerns Communities survey roasted snack across Dakar groundnutgrowing region ranging looking sesame surveyed zone basin commonly rotated interview Lamine Senghor Ministry DPV Papa Madiallacke Universities Gaston findings proof concern losses measurable quantitative qualitative loss should threat systems priority jeopardizing Within largely underdiagnosed underreported Little about general population researchers major incidence oftentimes indicator low rates statistics countrylevel total men women seeking treatment Among due deaths Lack epidemiology hindered approximately husbandwife pairs determine reportable General impacts useful determining steps inform hazard Documented Decontamination Detoxification Strategies Insufficient pests mold grains There methods reduce resources traditional practical focus controlling moisture temperature spend Informal government civilian staff conducted May currently strategies control Deriba Ashenafi Research Cancer PreHarvest Technique Biological Pilot ninemonth initiated introduce technique implemented evaluate effectiveness commercially Nigeria implement nontoxic atoxigenic identified Institute Tropical IITA identification USDAARS contributed tools necessary make final fields thirtyeight Direction Protection des Vegetaux supervised trial initial analyzed October promising though official results yet released still ongoing Earlier Alfasafe gauge research team asked why decided participate pilot responses included Farmer shared hes farmer dependent believes help said familiar work confident technicians came village assist does know get understanding basic first heard learned great deal lost funding activities hold until radio doctors explained poison aware just knew pressed you tastes bitter under worked technician company wear mask processextraction always recalled separated bad good today selling operators who manually separating getting Postharvest Techniques Drying Storage members cooperative ASPRODEB training lowtechnology yearly since When harvesting sorting talk detail focused primarily harvested shaking dirt off pods next day come gather piles let days Afterwards combined larger pile minimum Today however plows machines alongside gathering After fully leaving issue want rush passed faster organization Edible incentives highquality credit Technical support Good practice traceability manuals another factor reducing uniform answer seemed entirely each individual listed empty rooms outside bins room houses bags insecticides Typically Recommendations Collect Baseline Impact Burden long acknowledged sectors slow respond problems Involvement essential surveillance purposes measures followed domestically Several stunting infectious diseases epidemiological needed Engage Partnership PACA series meetings stakeholder held toward creation Africanled partnership comprehensive strategy goals improve augment smallholder income enhance Comprehensive Development CADDP framework focal announced earlier spring surprising learn Linking opportunity ideas lessons exchanged dealing same issues For example IFPRI Aflacontrol completing Mali value chains livelihood behavioral indicators identifying costeffective accessible committing USAID funds Identify Sanitary Phytosanitary Gaps Other Potential Opportunities Collaboration Under Feed Future Strategy reduced donor qualified decreasing opportunities aging equipment laboratory required described universities lacked tests incountry state countrys conduct something addressed Governments FTF Country Implementation Plan includes building education institutions possibility collaborating working regulatory infrastructure constraints Sources Cited Ranajit Bandyopadhyay Joseph Atehnkeng Peter Ojiambo Colonization Maize Sesame Kernels Two Agroecological Zones Journal Phytopathology Cardwell Dietary young cross sectional British Medical Egal Determinants critical role weaning Epidemiology Website link httpglobocaniarcfrfactsheetscancersliverasp Hainaut Heptocellular Carcinoma From Gene Public NCI Natl Inst Ahmadou Aly Requirements Developing AgroFood Assessment Subsector Rural Muleta Mogessie Bacteriological profile holding streetvended Addis Ababa Environmental Tsunehiro What precaution harmonization regulations Economics Vol Barrier Catalyst Distraction Moore Modification immune function Gambian Perspectives Mendy Hepatitis Infection Biomarker Children Medicine USDAGrain Inspection Packers Stockyards GIPSA httpwwwgipsausdagovGIPSAwebappareahomesubjectlrtopichbafl Revitalization Sector Guinea Bissau New Export Situation Update Jansen Cova Molecular dosimetry contribution multifactorial etiopathogenesis primary particular reference Environ Perspect March Phillips Human aflatoxicosis review toxicology potential consequences interventions American Clinical Nutrition | |
| The Looming Threat of Overgrazing: Effects and Recommendations | Susan Ilyin | 2011 | Environment and Natural Resources | Policy Reports | Livestock in Ethiopia has an important economic, functional, and cultural significance. However, overgrazing is a major contributor to soil degradation in Africa, with serious negative consequences for… Read more | Leland Fellow | The Looming Threat Overgrazing Effects and Recommendations Susan Ilyin Executive Summary Livestock Ethiopia has important economic functional cultural significance Various functions livestock include dairy production meat draught labor transportation Economically accounts for nearly farmer income the country addition serves savings account way building assets Culturally many parts ownership denotes social status marriage However much Ethiopias low producing terms milk weight gain not reach their maximum potential Due disappearing grazing lands forced trek further feed Therefore animals are using significant portion gross energy total content basic maintenance walking instead productivity Considering great importance assessing ways improving management decreasing pressure natural resources systems critical United Nations Environmental Programme funded International Soil Reference Information Centre ISRIC produce worlds first global survey soil degradation from most recent data available study entitled Global Assessment Humaninduced Degradation GLASOD cited overgrazing cause Africa Currently over onethird continent threatened desertification due erosion Broadreaching policy address enormous pasture arable land improve practices throughout utmost Land Population Facts estimated population often said largest approximately million head census estimates there cattle sheep goats horses donkeys almost mules camels poultry Approximately classified agricultural productive under use crop cultivation animal Although exclusive pastoralists only engages agropastoralism combining small scale herding Agriculture contributes GDP estimate but employment living below poverty line Ethiopians with food insecurity famine quality continues decline varying poor unsustainable evergrowing led grows does its need cropping swelling human also leads increase perceived financial security shown table growth rates increasing rapidly while shows Annual rate Human Agricultural between will crucial identify new methods alternative livelihood sources rearing households addressed shortages have devastating effects environment peace Implications Food Security Ethiopian suffers preventable communicable diseases andor malnutrition Twentyseven percent adult women deficient children five stunted wasted underweight child one main causes mortality Throughout high demand related products agropastoralist pastoralist groups highly dependent live sales Many vulnerable sell cash trade staple crops during times unable maximize benefits market suffer inaccessible supply distant unproductive Unproductive reduce selling little fetch lower prices malnourished higher risk disease death than healthy wellnourished lose they undersell ability provide itself severely diminished Supply expense healthcare present challenges Access services including veterinary care limited number reasons remote areas cannot access periurban where Government extension vaccinations other Nomadic pastoral communities move difficult government workers providers Coupled like trypanosomiasis anthrax contagious bovine pleuropneumonia CBPP caprine black leg mange mites internal parasites lack extreme sickness Another issue that currently sourced been exploited source nutrition Animal can offer insecure undernourished individuals shocks drought enough adequate household consumption Meat nutritional value although unlikely slaughter considered valuable asset determinant wealth owners hisher meet needs consumed two per year holidays celebrations Desertification another impact subsistence adept recognizing changes reported rangeland conditions worsened years identified three tenure system was nationalized all owned sold exchanged Commercial farms may acquire long leases Smallholder farmers inherit leased permitted rent sharecrop This contribute overexhausting through shared individually There formal place curb Shared poorly managed resulting shortage forage widely exercised smallholder commercial These factors contributed marketplace Prone fail Even major cities concentrate improved fodder factory byproducts cereals used completely unavailable Since January facing failed wheat Unavailability retail depletion rely heavily illegal foraging protected when people resort national parks which intended protect rare endemic flora fauna Petty traders encroach environments collect grass urban result water plants Ecosystems park preserve habitats unique plant species Encroaching threatens habitat range entire furthering endangering ever diminishing wild Peace Competition conflict agriculturalists agropastoralists Pastoralist Afar region Somali Southern Nationalities Peoples SNNP Borena Oromo Naturally frequently enter agriculturalist settle regions viable decreases competition becomes fierce results violence arms readily Like gun become part identity men view themselves warriors guns integral protecting family Mursi Boddi tribal requirement indicative sedentary inhabited both own For example resettled ongoing town Gio Dakuba South Omo Zone settlers were killed Policy overall recommendation funding agriculture specifically last statistics recurrent expenditure allocated should increased reflect large current international NGOs focusing order safety life donors must prioritize controlling prevention rehabilitation stakes failure stop entrench hunger More put toward techniques work incentives Forage development refers unharvested materials grasses legumes shrubs established seed vegetative good With better able control diets ensure necessary Zero prevents freely open this confined stall fed cut carried harvested material types bran etc help issues cows spread free ideal maintain breeds Improved outputs They incentivize engage Artificial Insemination process semen collected male processed stored artificially introduced into female reproductive tract purpose conception breed plays role supplying more Intensified ruminant beekeeping Cattle highest requirements ruminants require about six amount minimum least double day still preferred demonstrated numbers Species values expressed Growth SheepGoats Poultry Small being easier keep goat Component Cow Sheep Goat Fat Protein Calcium Energy kcal farming presents opportunity livelihoods Chickens manage less harmful expensive counterparts such eggs Beekeeping producer honey beeswax dollars annually economy capacity tons produces Aside offering generation minimally time consuming profit generates Bees positive creating ecosystems play crosspollinating Interventions conversation reforestation implemented revitalize degraded Abatu Ebru Negate state condition communal sustainable utilization possible Practices conservation sustain existing Livelihood Diversification diversification aid Industries tourism nonagricultural businesses alleviate mindset equates prioritizes quantity continue diversified industries livestocks association gradually decrease | |
| Policies for Effective Development: Rethinking the Role of NGOs in… | Sonia Lee | 2011 | Advocacy and Education, Food Aid, Food Systems and Agriculture, Health, Nutrition and Hunger | Policy Reports | Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) have a crucial role to play in the development of Haiti. NGOs deliver much-needed services to the population, including health care, education, food assistance… Read more | Leland Fellow | Policies for Effective Development Rethinking the Role NGOs Haiti Sonia Lee Leland International Hunger Fellow Policy Paper June Executive Summary Nongovernmental Organizations have crucial role play development deliver muchneeded services Haitian population including health care education food assistance and microfinance While work has undoubtedly provided relief support people presence also negative impacts they often larger capacity more resources than government inadvertently created parallel system which better resourced executed public The established their abundance country resulted being frequently called Republic However are left operate with little oversight accountability fragmented uncoordinated Further foreign donors giving funds directly over due fears corruption political crises Thus gained leverage how efforts shaped implemented Yet activities may not always align countrys priorities Given its limited weak institutions lack State inevitably reliant provide that able continued reliance indisputably impedes sustainable sovereignty caught cycle impairs longterm needs order address immediate recent events January earthquake flooding current cholera epidemic shown effective requires For redefined new strategies must devised coordinating NGO aligning renewing aid effectiveness building sector should focus solutions centered strengthening supporting Appropriate international domestic policies needed guide regulate function Foreign designed ensure major shifted Haitis With renewed global attention promised there great opportunity now rebuild smarter way respects increases own ability improve lives research purposes refer mainly organizations Local exist but same scope level funding United States Institute Peace Brief Recommendations following recommendations can most effectively together NonGovernmental Require engagement Government program design implementation Conduct reassessment strategy Donors Develop policy strengthens partner countries Comply Paris Declaration Aid Effectiveness Accra Agenda Action Reduce channeled expense GoH national Establish mechanism participatory transparent process identifying POLICIES FOR EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT RETHINKING THE ROLE HAITI Introduction some cases providing technical budget Consequently viewed adept large number particularly those living impoverished conditions relies heavily them essential social This further exacerbates low confidence local partners whole continually undermines rather investing would encourage strong leadership selfsufficiency ownership sustainability Furthermore citing reasons bypassed given But meet objectives respective end been criticized taking stronger monitoring struggles rethinking about develop include forging equitable partnerships engaging programmatic financial National Budget coordinated monitored avoid duplication wasting both developed changed central goal influx into scaling existing immense promises community devastation these consecutive contributed already difficult situation yet presents implement remain important part recovery true could lessen creates Background Country Context poorest Western Hemisphere one worst human indicators Latin AmericaCaribbean region Since independence wracked instability coup dtats two occupations brutal dictatorship military regimes all deterioration infrastructure widespread poverty held first democratic presidential elections democraticallyelected president was overthrown times coups detat Eighty percent under line incredible inequality income distribution nations wealth concentrated among just Massive deforestation loss agricultural isolated rural led urban migration denselypopulated slums vulnerable disease ill violence high unemployment Traditionally agrarian society farming served primary source livelihoods production response donor pressure globalize from producing foods export reducing tariffs imports UNDP Human Indicators Retrieved httphdrstatsundporgencountriesprofilesHTIhtml CIA World Factbook Economy httpswwwciagovlibrarypublicationstheworldfactbookgeoshahtml Pan American Health Organization PAHO Population Assessment Prior Earthquake result flooded USsubsidized such rice had devastating effect Presently constitutes gross product GDP whereas made half fact former President Bill Clinton told Senate Relations Committee March forcing reduction import good farmers Arkansas worked mistakethe lost produce crop feed peoplebecause what did Additionally loans InterAmerican Bank IMF imposed required privatization utilities highly productive state resource generated billion dollars annually costsaving measures reduced many decades directed used service external debt done majority poor although cancelled Heavily Indebted Poor Countries HIPC still faces Predictably dependent Stategenerated revenues remains rampant problem within Remittances serve informal contributor economy economic crisis impacted Diaspora affected amount remittances were sent back home leaving ever Following reconstruction costs estimated pledged though money reach Effect operating ranges second highest per capita world groups fourfifths account NYU School Law Center Rights Global Justice Partners RFK Zanmi Lasante Sak Vid Kanpe Impact Food CHRGJ PIH DemocracyNow Made Devils Bargain Fmr Apologizes Trade Destroyed Rice Farming Broadcast April httpwwwdemocracynoworgclinton_rice Schuller Mark CCI Tail Wagging Dog httpwwwhaitianalysiscomeconomyhaiti percentE percentsccithetailwaggingthedog Over received during dictatorships Duvalier fatherson From Jubilee USA Debt Cancellation httpwwwjubileeusaorgjubileeacthaitidebtcancellationresolutionresourcesonhaitisdebthtml Monetary Fund Statistics Support httpwwwimforgexternalnpcountryhtm Under IDB agreed write off million pay remainder USIP much quarter well job creation Inadvertently Despite various Although technically authority because generally unmonitored know where coordination leads less will collaborate certain project sit Ministry oversee coordinate projects institution NGOfunded staffed programs departments Inevitably issues between arise jealousy resentment staff come lacking compared Another brain drain recruit welleducated Haitians offering functioning wellresourced systems higher paying jobs highlybureaucratic resourcelimited setting apparent case doctors who trained choosing practice medicine hardtoreach areas workforce invested educating training workers especially ultimately suffers enough professionals available internal weakens institutional perpetuating continue channel direct USAID spent through single entire ministry Most recently postearthquake nearly Cordoba Jose Spawns Backlash Wall Street Journal November this years clear fight working partnership build govern reinforcing transparency Political channeling example longapproved blocked veto disputed parliamentary three totaling intended improvement reform potable water enhancement road rehabilitation seven parliamentarians question stepped down embargo placed humanitarian crippled putting significant impact diminished trust concern long time evident continues deteriorate cost rises unable basic lacks lifesaving constantly addressing create challenging necessarily show quantifiable results undermine take incentive change uncertainty whether genuinely chance transition wellfunctioning accountable III Recent highlighted poorly vulnerability discussions around need reassess devise ways successfully Coordination becomes Farmer Smith Fawzi Nevil Unjust Lancet unsustainable does require another positive Aligning Priorities Often focused differ engage aligns clearly defined key stakeholders understand comprehensive identified reflects agreements endorsed signatories call offer framework designing Code Ethics adopted applied These codes guidance greater Capacity Building takes meantime expertise fields Collaborations rebuilding solely concentrating delivery interventions intervention lasting tenuous huge cannot dismissed lightly More incentives motivate real factor pushing things forward genuine commitment form relationships motivating forces httpwwwoecdorgdocumenten_______html Association WANGO httpwwwwangoorgcodeofethicsaspx There examples partnered Haitibased affiliate Central Plateau organization solid network independently started recognize MSSP expand MSPP rehabilitated several hospitals centers teaching hospital provinces complemented personnel PIHtrained type privatepublic serves model puts action draw engages help Governments Cuba Through Cubas diplomacy medical students attend school free only stipulation once studies completed return communities compensate Cuban nurses remote throughout access ignore plays focuses aspects planning policymaking developing undermining individually collectively ensures percentage strengthen establishes dedicated collaborations andor incorporate principles input civil LasanteHaiti httpwwwpihorgpageshaiti inclusive hindering recipient lead alignment emphasize governments Therefore infused comply nonstate actors increased significantly while other Red Cross bilateral multilateral agencies private contractors depends financing damage when appropriate main recipients stipulate officially defines publicprivate carry out Input monitor Office Special Envoy Has Changed Channeling before after headed representatives crosssection multisectoral cooperation identify includes ending | |
| Policies for Government Ownership: Shifting the Balance in School Feeding… | Maielle Helman | 2011 | Food Aid, School Feeding | Policy Reports | The UN World Food Program is working to transfer responsibility for funding and implementing the school feeding programs it established to national governments. This is a complex… Read more | Leland Fellow | POLICIES FOR GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP SHIFTING THE BALANCE SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMS Maielle Helman Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellow June Executive Summary One the roadblocks continuously encountered development work role intervener and longterm vision their greater context intervention WFP particularly struggles with this question moving towards transitioning its current school feeding programs national government ownership This transition emphasis sustainability where countries move from relying mostly external funding implementation nationally funded implemented process fraught complexities paper will concentrate specific challenges program governments well ways mitigate depth these crucial first assess country readiness timing looking prequalifications for forward then create mediumterm finally decide appropriate next steps tailored good note that may not demonstrate conditions necessary successful which important conclusion itself both organization creating plan Principal components addressed are Alignment Existing National Policies Political Will analysis subsequent actions must driven needs Designing Targeting prioritization coverage most vulnerable populations universal Food Procurement Distribution examination different production sourcing options Ensuring Quality Standards mechanisms guarantee healthy food safety quality controls Capacity Strengthening inclusive management monitoring accountability systems Costeffective Stable Longterm Funding Budgeting space budget all related costs Community Participation Ownership inclusion community level participation design Multisectoral Coordination Partnerships accessing technical expertise resources relevant stakeholders Embarking extremely investment previously existing could take minimum years longer evidenced list above requires long range commitment planning parties involved ensure structures services channels operation put place Introduction Feeding children order improve education levels was idea introduced some recently others more than half century ago However even today universally carried out worldwide have often reliant donors The foreign aid developing world always tricky business Cultural political economic sensitivities juggled while constantly scrutinized illustrations impact There exists delicate balance between host countrys donorinternational institutions terms each How can pieces come together combination yield change form improved answer has changed over time evolving suit everchanging realities illustration shift occurs Putting Development into Context Many formal policies many implement through informal such exist World Programme played large shaping implementing Although done exclusively there several other organizations working similar goal been leading actor result continued presence conjunction new mindset locallyled initiatives shifted Critical numerous challenge policy framework step helpful break down present considerations Before Some points consider institutional financial capacity legislation addition extenuating civil unrest chronic climactic emergencies part would influence decision short medium strategy possible factors might lead noneligibility status does allow essential gain broad understanding circumstances situation before further adopt Examples relation rights child adequate nutrition etc See Section below examples Challenges Transition Process ALIGNMENT WITH EXISTING NATIONAL AND POLITICAL WILL understand how fit overall identify what health security agriculture social protection corresponding legal established Often already law poverty reduction Constitution provides population certain right but sometimes means execute enforce Therefore look broader picture fully taken without jumping ahead structure significant ability carry interests only one aspect bigger What behind determine much direction specifically reality reflects just written Exploring history areas relating reasons decisions made provide clearer why arrived Equally priorities point realistic discussion begin leadership principal key whether strong dedicated need ground within institution when facing obstacle frequent turnover administrations case imperative strategies maintain lines across DESIGNING Multiple account determining basis model use Haiti example adopted coordinates directly Kenya segmented local state yet still center reporting flows guidance Mali created integrates actors tailor best Source Burbano Carmen Emilie Sidaner Emerging Issues Field presentation TARGETING controversial designing usually due constraints ask Who should receive publicallyfunded Answering consideration following targeting either socioeconomic insecure Preprimary primary andor secondary yields less high dropout rates Regional cost implications Intraschool very sensitive difficult they chosen Governments prioritize feasible based budgets see belowYet advisable taking weigh improving throughout contains shortterm immediate hunger solutions sustainable formula works rather answers questions respective Another stumbling block lack accessible information Census data outdated incomplete rely privately sourced donor NGO stakeholder FOOD PROCUREMENT DISTRIBUTION gets producer consumer teachers administrators complex For accepted schools norms dietary habits geographic characteristics Cost nutritional gaps incountry procurement distribution help procured imported public private type suited another longerterm vary region employed involve players every matters Ministry Agriculture Health accountable shared responsibility Other market capabilities future growth Tied periodic VAM analyses Vulnerability Analysis Mapping demonstrating severity insecurity Chiles relies almost entirely sector Chilean httpwwwjunaebclprontus_junaebsitearticpagshtml sample table roles Ministries infrastructure deliver Less commonly considered ambition seek promote additional goals strengthening industry better focused consumption Benefits gained number sectors small scale farmers All potential opportunities constraint general traditionally provided staple foods running risk end depending commodities assume full supplying basic rice flour oil incorporate shortfall supply ENSURING QUALITY STANDARDS Creating regulations products produced locally little controversy regarding standards prior Here great assistance background set particular differing beneficiary age groups also play substantive These practices capability control purposes back enforcing body authorized CAPACITY STRENGTHENING assumes administrative support Specifically managing oversee integrated housed under Education ministry independent entity ensuring possesses authority run govern unit Accompanying system evaluation observe advancement make recommendations adjustments along way includes creation knowledge collected monitored accessed systematic Similarly monitor being delivered procedures properly clear communication illustrated Donor Govt Communities State Local aware experience international providing advisory bolster weaker identified instills gives getting buyin conforming cultural appropriateness efforts forging founded approaches thereby continue grow thrive COSTEFFECTIVE STABLE LONGTERM FUNDING BUDGETING mentioned larger economy School aim schoolage Reaching costeffective When never largescale pilot phase higher followed scaling decrease beginning tapering off goes house Finance ministries stake benefits Long built stability inevitably line denoted here parentheses her minor had graduated complete potentially disappear conducted collaboration find funds MONITORING ACCOUNTABILITY COMMUNICATION discount possibility communities contributing inkind possibly manual labor goods reach draw pertinent entities benefit indirectly expensive affordable structured capital worth wholly reflected intergenerational cycle relief reduced malnutrition educated workforce tomorrow ever progressed human steady COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Most listed presented mind vital chain recipients families They voice source vulnerability ones know lacking conceiving models ought Programming Management Group Vision did study literature review major insights Parentalcommunity involvement success General studies reported mixed results however value indisputable research unanimously agreed householdcommunity likelihood faced centralized decentralized manner hybrid household sense MULTISECTORAL COORDINATION PARTNERSHIPS highlight isolation cannot achieve eradication partners strengthen httpwvifoodorgindexphpoptioncom_contentviewarticleidschoolfeedingismakingadifferencecatidourstoryItemid agenda coordination earlier individual governing choose include objectives primarily educationbased encompasses complementary activities yielding wider leads outcomes mutually reinforcing economies producers access improvements name few option kind partnerships NGOs approach toward developmental governmentled needed emerging becoming valuable SouthSouth cooperation Countries stage own learn lot things mainly developed Below showing amongst like SAMPLE MODEL AMONG ACTORS Social Protection Water Planning NutritionHealth Unit Donors society TABLE POTENTIAL ROLES MINISTRIES Potential Role Program Administration oversight HealthNutrition Creation maintenance preparation menu Technical explore linkages incentivize stimulate Coordinate provision water hygiene Contribute laws enforced Manage assist EducationSchool manage finances execution Assist selecting contribute whole period Salvador transitioned graphic depicts Conclusions Policy Next Steps summarizes institutionled POLICY CHALLENGE ACTIONS CHANGE Identify action Verify Gather Weigh formulate Create Compare Forecast mutlisectoral effects Determine Design Establish Develop plans Integrate annual including households Mobilize interministerial Ensure advisorytechnical Foment path effective filled Yet obvious nor tangible referenced main roadblock programming becomes increasingly global now fast Cape Verde Ecuador progress famously Brazil among Each spent deal adapting functioning modify hone thriving reinforce thinking about advice attitudinal required donordependent receives requested partner relinquish objective goalled mentality imposed feels abandoned fine hence term handover since existed achieved overnight journey attention paid details via accomplish educational environment fosters personal promotes consequently improves life Daniel Balaban President FNDE Fundo Nacional Desenvolvimento Educao Consultation Rome Italy March expand area reflection psychosocial side build confidence reliance | |
| Not Just Building Houses: Reforming the Reconstruction and Development Program… | Lindsay Dozoretz | 2011 | Advocacy and Education, Housing, Income, Expenses, and Hunger | Policy Reports | This paper offers policy recommendations for reforming the South African RDP Housing policy to shift away from a mindset focused on delivery of numbers (the construction of… Read more | Leland Fellow | Lindsay Dozoretz Title Not Just Building Houses Reforming the Reconstruction and Development Program RDP Housing Policy South African Cities Move Beyond Shelter Provision Towards Creation Food Secure Sustainable Urban Settlements Executive Summary Moving into second decade this century Africa ever keen incorporating development buzz words like food security green sustainable its policy directives yet much rhetoric remains bound lofty cursive politician speech writing while outdated programs such continue drudge seeming eternity everbuilding houses for everincreasing population shelterless not stopping reevaluate immense laudable effort truly creating desired building blocks nation wants The responding primary demand Freedom Charter comfort has built over million date intending establish basic conditions alleviating poverty starter house typically set track rows along cleared stretches periurban land step from haphazard shantytown dwellings typical townships but does really achieve objectives alleviation overturning legacy Apartheid Does type construction support social reforms touted create blueprint longterm sustainability This paper will offer recommendations reforming shift away mindset focused delivery numbers many possible shortest amount time towards actions that settlements promote better quality life can provide specifically focus urban settlement design environmental suggestions designing future housing nations cities both comprehensive holistic accounts human needs beyond singular goal providing shelter also examine opportunity cost budget allocation other why critical government point premise Nation part national brought effect postApartheid disproportionately large impact program implementation particularly context results election promise ANC adequate all citizens priority ensuring right declares intention move society shacks dignity attempt address enormous lack safe appropriate vast majority implemented through cement brick replace shack characterize informal powerful biggest state world outside China more than since form firm backbone prove serving people With absolute respect governments ensure however aim seems come incurs regards true ANCs campaign was backed determined see guarantee unrealistic achievement become current backlog would require each year next years with estimated households need new unable afford without subsidy amounts financial resources being poured initiative only window creative progressive interventions narrower money could directed myriad swallowed sector aspects run contrary stated goals Construction meet number targets most least allocated therefore atrocious terms planning are cheap materials packed arbitrary little consideration previous organization within community their associated services local politics conflict disregard these factors causing newly constructed high risk damage resource areas where urbanization created pockets incredibly density Additionally great proportion existing township designated blackonly during apartheid strategically located outskirts major business districts far city centers have been invisible reinforcing unsustainable inefficient model characterized long commutes earn daywages barren exposed lands low capacity increasing already experiencing scarcity structure racial division socioeconomic divide country desperately trying Thirdly viewed individual structures embedded designed Whereas imperative redesigning emphasis spaces gardens cohesion instead encouraging persistence old paradigms Rather using break down barriers protecting restoring aquifers improving air feed empower every citizen semipermanent site landscape entrenching rather breaking out patterns Context today somewhat precarious political position Seventeen after end rampant unemployment lagging education system staggering HIV prevalence rate one worlds widest gaps between rich poor All statistics higher HIVAIDS rates reach upwards residents live below line And growing there were documented nationwide grown Johannesburg highest concentration boundaries which home Johannesburgs inhabitants Service protests often violence vandalism common occurrences around Diepsloot hosting six last two popular talk radio host recently described ticking bomb Author Allistair Sparks spoke warning Yet Africas advantages overriding challenge facing left must closed politically dangerous now arriving place Scale Means itself impressive planner Tanya Zack said denying scale she continues about These unwanted unneeded they addressing serious remain hopeful receive goes declare benefiting greatest Banking Association success programme unparalleled proud our achievements While cannot denied statements reflect homes necessary look massive endeavor had improved peoples lives spread increased exponentially rising Account fact clear race finish Minister Housings own estimate per daily Journalist Anton Harber Mail Guardian writes battle lost receding pledge Constitution Despite incredible funds objective outpaced appears never catch Reevaluation blind Seven took note some issues improve rewriting language resulting reform integrated approach include healthcare provision transport meant viable communities original bill One symbolic change renaming Department Human Settlement title implying broader encompass just putting act provincial Gauteng announced order trial alternative strategy acquisition assisting savings contributions build However then Sankie MthembiMahanyele responded insisting stating main rationale behind keeping There way press release cant forms Therefore despite changes those continued deployed utilizing ways same classic cheaplybuilt neat box replicating seeing problems wanting caught trap good how put everpopular evercriticized halfcomplete What say desperate populous still struggling opinion face reality alone lifting made unachievable abandoned altogether transformed provides innovative solution builds natural creates opportunities skills job creation genuinely Ecological Consequences Aside comes ecological consequences considered Contours analyzed placement hardscape zoning space planting trees compounds vulnerability soil erosion especially slopes degraded adjacent dense setting stage further exploitation depleted exacerbating pollution Within themselves use cheaplymade waste consequent refurbishing experienced collapsed roofs calamities expense They quickly easily pleasant living smart incorporated strategies insulation passive solar orientation heating lighting ventilation doing examples worldwide competition ecohouse Dharavi India types approaches taken account Recommendations Turn Transformational Redesign embody reformed name recognizing key factor View Acknowledge accompanied measures fulfillment water clean environment selfdevelopment meaningful productive work Fritjof Capra defines cultural environments satisfy aspirations diminishing generations Make thousands progress ground implement incorporates health Explore diversified solutions incorporate localized management core Let influenced vice versa Sustainability For too overwhelming grapple requires thus aspect addressed once whole separate compartments modern societies organize example access renewable energy efficient justice rare nonexistent even when becomes interested issue virtually precedent clearly care parts public efforts uncoordinated precedence recommendation make prioritized initiatives integrates Social considerations Existing selforganizing linked network central operates tavern caf shop arranged circle serve another venture inside well preserve networks take arrangements separated result plots filled internally maintains webs Smart observe currently organized pattern Residents process participatory consultation allowing essence Encouraging collaborative allow sharing efficiency Environmental Considerations Water Any aiming persist sustainably based replenishing base important aggressive conservation regeneration capture insecure situation supply imported pumped mountains Lesotho addition citys imminent danger declared irreversibly contaminated acid mine drainage arsenic iron heavy metals seeping area gold mines concern potentially devastating consequence Informal edges frequently established floodprone tributaries riverways hold levels any multifaceted including cleanup waterways technology rainwater household Waste Management Currently overcrowding combined insufficient coverage sanitation sewage overflows shortages toilets overutilized hazards littering rubbish fires dumping makes unpleasant contamination severe coordinate collection maximum recycling training repair upgrade plumbing sewerage facilities beginning introduce models homescale communityscale composting greywater recovery ecotoilets Security fresh fruits vegetables vulnerable populations insecurity previously experience infected reaching Consequently nutrition diets fruit immunity complement antiretroviral treatments present market medicinal plants preventative should production level homebased caregivers AIDS gardening difference survival undernourished children equally vitamins nutrients early age disease resistance healthy growth Programs plant means very few producers foods Trees Greening dusty zones earth presenting runoff Generally treeless greater temperature climatic extremes adverse impacts droughts floods storm multiple benefits acting lungs filtering cleaning habitat offering shade climate regulation uses functioning wood lot small timber cooking give sense permanence literally rooting Energy wherever smallscale power applications managed repaired members serviced provided entrepreneurs Smallscale biogas generators wind turbine starting larger portfolio thoroughly related interdependent above complete picture bigger course prospect socially ecologically almost impossible evermoving complicated question planet That difficult questions particular scenario first Politically How giveaway mode riot losing favor transform easytoquantify deliverables relevant Environmentally Should whose existence ultimately dependent regardless might redundant adaptations before compelled Morally crisis isolation Who gets choices Integration Probably deepest demanding alter compartmentalization mentality dictates policies enacted Affairs Forestry Land Use deals departments together recognize interlinked tandem enact real transformation genuine perhaps guinea pig demonstrate viability value exercise Forward here changing style making environmentally sound dictating enough completely rethought rezoned reorganized compounded increase trends predict get worse needed sustain lifestyles answer always ends specialist Marc Swilling predicts billion reexamine humans begin integrate less resourceintensive concurrently seek functional highdensity highdemand certainly mix various But looks continuing knocking upon cookiecutter sociocultural nor variety met alongside forward economics what closely month Tokyo Sexwale obvious free forever simultaneously whopping rand funding spent things found protection claims dependency sometime cutoff subsidized moment day meanwhile trudges gobbling hindering vision perfect vehicle drive transformational More Solution Creating different contexts rural Transkei Cape Flats peninsula group trend worth tenders fund several them unfold learn works doesnt quantify challenging saying virtuous victorious emergence contextappropriate factorystyle onesizefitsall output accounting delivering truth uneasy bubbling cauldron beneath fabric waiting boil redirect ideas reluctant know beautiful abundant feeds relish celebrate pathway heavenly unrelentingly Difficult may National Congress New Strategy Office Government Information wwwinfogovzawhitepapershousinghtm Jonathan Bell Publishers Town Sunday Times May accessed wwwtimeslivecozalocalarticleece Allister Tomorrow Another Country Inside Story Road Change Ball Visser Emily Inner Official Website City March wwwjoburgorgzaindexphpoptioncom_contenttaskviewidItemid CSIR Spatial Trends Overview Report Prepared Network Provincial Local Presidency Parliamentary Media Briefing Transcription September Echanove Matias Srivastava Rahul Hands Off York Mumbai httpwwwnytimescomopinionsrivastavahtml Cukrowska McCarthy Naicker Acid arising mining activity environs Pollution Volume Issue pgs Infrastructure Planning Case Study Environment Urbanization International Institute IIED Vol Sapa Free Stop News April Accessed httpwwwnewscomSouthAfricaPoliticsSexwaleFreehouseswillstop | |
| Effective Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture for Secure Household Nutrition | Kerri Agee | 2011 | Food Systems and Agriculture, Gender, Health, Nutrition and Hunger | Policy Reports | Gender and “gender mainstreaming” have become buzzwords around food and nutrition security initiatives in recent years. However the true meaning of gender mainstreaming and the policy framework… Read more | Leland Fellow | Agee Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellows Program Policy Paper Effective Gender Mainstreaming Agriculture for Secure Household Nutrition Executive Summary and gender mainstreaming have become buzzwords around Feed the Future Obama Administrations response global food insecurity well other nutrition security initiatives recent years However true meaning policy framework that must place ensure equal benefit women men are often misunderstood both makers practitioners Women developing countries contribute significantly agricultural production increasingly recognized words not practice this contribution But there still long way match their reality rhetoric receive adequate support efforts field best possible health nutritionrelated householdlevel outcomes Womens work addition home unrecognized part formal sector been ignored country international donor community The Organization Economic Cooperation Development OECD estimated received only percent assistance devoted development year draws closer increases its level commitment collaboration meet Millennium Goals MDGs producers those responsible households nutritional wellbeing being targeted policies programming unprecedented Recent research has drawn attention importance proper throughout pregnancy first twentyfour months childs life effects undernutrition period irreversible evidenced reduction productivity diminished lifetime economic growth physical cognitive Undernourished girls also more likely perpetuate cycle giving birth underweight babies themselves Unfortunately intersection between womens her household widely researched date Better understanding evidence base using dictate innovative Bread WorldThe Project Fact sheet agriculture Accessed May httpwwwthporgsystemfilesInternationalWomensDay_FactSheetpdf isthe process assessing implications any planned action including legislation making mens concerns experiences integral dimensions design implementation monitoring evaluation programmes all political social spheres equally inequality perpetuated ultimate goal achieve equality United Nations levels can achieves positive Introduction inequalities carefully scrutinized Fourth Conference included amongst priority areas two activities will impact increasing role power sharing decision promoting natural resource management environmental protection Food FAO focused publication State however benefits closing gap highlighted report focus gains rather than Other literature addressing feminization neglects mention discussion trends promising More recently variety donors States Agency USAID emphasized linkages critical time lasts from conception through age studies underscored pregnant young children under providing further early initiation exclusive breastfeeding six along with timely introduction complementary foods once child reaches provide solid start infants shows negative correlation mother spends working outside childrens statues possibly because she present these key interventions Several link amelioration educational status but few address tradeoff woman they pursue certain timeconsuming growing body translated into advocacy issues Scaling SUN begun Roadmap released September System Standing Committee was developed harness government energy towards demanddriven countryled Around same Ireland partners launched Days initiative draw need rapid topic Rural Reference Manual Governments Stakeholders httpresourcesthecommonwealthorgMar_BackupbackupARCHIVEDOCTgender_oldhtmpublicationsplanapdf httpwwwfaoorgdocrepieiepdf Donors World Bank taking account maternal nutritionagriculture world administrations lists improved one firstlevel objectives three main indicators prevalence stunted wasted line practices outlined series articles published Lancet which problem effective goals seeks increase resilience vulnerable communities improve access diverse quality diet behaviors usage services Various Missions per guidelines implement programs recognize adopted crosscutting themes act underlying priorities various plans quotes below examples recognition documents play predominant staples womenowned businesses prominent regions nascent packagingprocessing industries manifesto highlights appreciation special fishermen farmers especially processers marketers fish even though limited resources such land water credit inputs training Results Framework June httpwwwfeedthefuturegovdocumentsFTF_Results_Frameworkpdf West Africa Implementation Plan httpwwwfeedthefuturegovdocumentsFTF__Implementation_Plan_West_Africapdf Ghana httpwwwfeedthefuturegovdocumentsFTF__Implementation_Plan_Ghanapdf Checklist Baseline sectoral analysis Analysis genderbased constraints achieving sectorbased Institutional assessment capacity building equity achievement Participatory planning formation Improve budgeting incorporate Establish andor components given strategy Access Source This acknowledgement good step enough strong described requires additional steps enabling environment There great deal gained putting near future recognizes lead roles small scale contributions yet needed understand how things interrelated affect Now push current surrounding relationships among them organization ministry assumes comprehensive perspective implication sic buzzword circles late fact different situations less sexes conditions enable reap Successful depends following Commitment change procedures particularly rural incorporated groups mobilize universal keeping agenda defined several publications already exist describing taken realize highest without doing harm include concept success Optimal feeding httpwwwfaoorgsdseagadownloadsEnMacroenpdf Opio reference Uganda Challenges prospects Crop Science Proceedings SocioEconomic Programme Macro Level Handbook UNICEF cites immediate determinants malnutrition inadequate dietary intake disease causes insufficient care unhealthy Studies shown Practices initiating immediately after newborn nutrientrich colostrum exclusively introducing appropriate manner respecting rules hygiene decrease chance infant suffer either acute chronic Breastfeeding spotlight depth garnered One hundred thirty nine endorsed Innocenti Declaration Protection Promotion Support called Summit Children develop national declaration revisited reratified highlight operational targets describes stakeholders governments multilateral bilateral organizations financial institutions publicinterest nongovernmental Specific actions governmental adoption maternity measures facilitate involved sectors urgent nonformal identification allocation sufficient fully delineated Global Strategy Infant Young Child Feeding increased technical guidance calling incompatible found Code effectively addressed accordance regulations suitable WHO jointly Protecting supporting contains checklist ten successful designed use facilities Because issue entwined many others adaptation come sources Ministries NGOs fields agencies professional broad stakeholder foremost Conceptual Nutritional Status Black Maternal regional exposures consequences httpwhqlibdocwhointpublicationspdf where felt principle extend families whole necessary major comprised cash crop cultivation livestock rearing most consumption commonly undervalued compared forms estimates globally basic commodities produced formally Work traditionally underestimated reasons informal homebased therefore difficult measure hold multiple jobs unmeasured valueadding postharvest transformation packaging goods Gathering fuel take hours day Caring meeting needs falls womans domain seldom Further complicating situation disproportionately timesaving technologies animaldriven traction across paid longer days According placed considerable burden produce prepare face obstacles problems societal high HIV protracted crises civil unrest male urban migration search labor led femaleheaded parts gain upon marriage primarily lack legal control processes market Conflict family Charmes New methods new data wwwwiegoorgpaperscharmesdoc IFAD employment Differentiated pathways out poverty Ministerial Least Developed Countries Globalization affects essential equalize important when applying workplace keep mind responsibilities mothers very regular Programs aim mainstream womancentered Indonesia nonworking were malnourished employed risk Data Mali primary caregiver study finds interaction caregivers While wealth babyfriendly workplaces little examines environments office space infantchild private rooms breastfeedingpumping milk refrigeration running public afforded feed majority sense millions based prominence stemming accommodate note ninety rice India Nepal Rates moderate severe low weight height wasting respectively Moderate stunting Exclusive rates relatively directly linking highly probable Early before another cause Waters Weightforage Indonesian Journal Epidemiology Penders Agricultural What know wwwagobservatoryorglibrarycfmrefID Health cases caused inability continue due premature return gives Proposed solutions invisible Knowledge lacking result demand particular related rights donorlevel pulled together Countrylevel options conducted established protocols Zambia practiced updated Kenyas Livestock Bankfunded Despite models like made mandatory countrys governing known Comprehensive African CAADP nations define chart over coming make clear continents vulnerabilities Mention conspicuously absent written poor hungry people PanAfrican commitments Pan Initiative Regional Ten Year Union protocol Rights Survival emphasis language Pillar III agendas target does prenatal neonatal income generation adolescent female investment behavior marketing medium longterm utilization compact Farnworth aware approaches Sidasupported httpwwwoecdorgdataoecdpdf CAADPNEPAD January wwwcaadpnetpdfCAADPFAFSBROCHUREinddpdf too concrete results terms potential Inclusion knowledge mentioned above allow successes begin compacts countrydriven NonAfrican absence formalized Some specific should Safety net rations who spend baby returning Land reform works cited avenue balance cultural norms raised repeatedly academic unanimously claim ownership provides hire workers utilize aid friends neighbors while devotes participating medical give adapted traditional attendants volunteers incorporating healthchildcare then collaborate aforementioned assist financing structural impediments improving involvement Improving punctuated inaccessible understaffed centers tools prevention treatment breaking Promising Babyfriendly modeled experience Breastfeedingspecific husbands leaders Providing ruminants generationanimal protein source nets provisions leave microfinance technology Increase number extension sensitization Gambia piloted set standards systems relieved heavy prior afterwards model drew Steps fit Gambian context Additionally each appointed group eight worker attendant elected committee empirical incorporates entire accountability Once having communitylevel case reach Standardized may truest order optimal realistic reflect within Policies input timeframe For example crisis count worlds insecure employ coping mechanisms cut back meals portion sizes shortages Donorlevel USAIDfunded projects required conduct project establish mitigation plan program similar toolkit examine broadly overlap With starting point devised survey component tool could assess secondary beneficiaries develops influence scrutinize womanagriculturenutrition writing grant contract guidances committing BabyFriendly Hospitial Newsletter Baby friendly httpwwwchildfriendlycitiesorgpdfbaby_friendly_communitiespdf state Addressing IASC Emergencies wwwhumanitarianinfoorgiascdownloaddocaspxdocID USAIDInfant Available online httpwwwiycnorgmaximizingphp Many disaggregated prioritized recipient Country Plans live promises value society Bankadministered Security GAFSP producer consulted Awarded funds contingent criterion Activities empowerment proven beneficial window links intersect require examination thus far emphasizes measuring Benefits adherence childfriendly inside direct sound platform programmatic These questionnaires gauge Anthropomorphic measurements quantitative MDG Monitor tracks progress information index percentage population living missing large Middle East much available dates education economics stronger amount away rely find secure nutritionally httpwwwmdgmonitororgmapcfmgoalindicatorcd | |
| Adapting Food-based Strategies to Improve the Nutrition of the Landless | Jillian Waid | 2011 | Food Systems and Agriculture, Health, Nutrition and Hunger | Policy Reports | Food-based approaches that focus on dietary diversification are effective strategies for reducing micro- and macro-nutrient deficiencies in malnourished populations. However, this model has not yet been fully… Read more | Leland Fellow | Adapting foodbased strategies improve the nutrition landless Executive Summary Foodbased approaches that focus dietary diversification are effective for reducing micro and macronutrient deficiencies malnourished populations These such Helen Keller Internationals HKI homestead food production HFP model seek micronutrient intake individuals increase household security advance womens empowerment The standard intervention includes gardening poultry group marketing behavior change communication However this has not yet been fully adapted lives those who live land constrained households models have historically implemented with smallholder however due urgent nutritional needs growing number nearly Bangladesh these must reach marginalized population Individuals poor minimal access among most foodinsecure they require interventions targeted their unique capabilities Targeting requires modification package technologies maximize yields nutritionally rich varieties can produced small plots Given limited capacity immediate income very should include skillbuilding earning opportunities linked agricultural Nutrition education counseling essential improving outcomes addition new thoroughly evaluated This paper reviews HKIs work over past years then proposes modifications ensure derive equitable benefits from Dietary combine animal rearing uniquely well suited malnutrition where cultural preferences poverty lead Bangladeshi diet characterized lack diversity leading turn hidden hunger subsist consisting mainly rice which provides energy but low fat amino acids micronutrients Animal source foods provide high quality protein bioavailable iron vitamin make less than total While largely kept pace growth knowledge about need diversified create demand more agriculture systems Many local international NGOs adopted throughout country Government Bangladeshs National Food Policy names investing one key strategy vulnerable groups general caveats related definition may fail serve needy populationsthe rural recent decades average landsize holdings declined significantly proportion areas increasing posing longterm threats national Land livelihood closely greater some landlessness associated higher rates majority insufficient irregular nutrient horticultural produce sufficient own consumption steady erosion policy attention plight ultrapoor critical timely consider how approach tackle within discusses issues adapting programmatic suggestions impact subgroup draws published unpublished quantitative qualitative data drawn Homestead projects undertaken HKIBangladesh extracted review Production program Emily Hillenbrand Jillian Waid owns decimals meters squared was presented symposium Security diets raising levels held Agriculture office United Nations FAO December insecurity Despite economic near selfsufficiency remain agrarian economy there distinct correlation between Due urban industry diminished area today Average Census shows percentage absolute farming any cultivable increased previous With predicted sea level rise climate likely available cultivation will further diminish future Fractured dwindling constitute significant structural impediment Loss accumulate other assets often accompanied shift into day labor migration employment Extreme scarcity limits individual capacities adequate meet yearround andor Rural economies poorly thereby vast engaged laborers seasonal occupation leave without several months year compromises capital landlesstheir physical Illness health undernutrition translates lost days decreased exacerbating cycle Rates also highest below lower expenditure line Among status adequacy severely compromised About daily calories wealth come alone already consumed overall Children children only poorer others vulnerabilities headed family member fewer incomeearning members per Poor women mobility restricted safety nets social exclusion marginalization Without excluded many microfinance organizations Their Because calculated figure understate counting families migrated loss acute allows them transgress constraints visibility transgression simultaneously deepens entail timeconsuming investments making themselves visible patrons example providing unpaid degrading wealthy residents village hopes being supported patron later opportunity cost attending meetings trainings steeper end missing vital programs currently targeting poorest adopts incomebased does address particularly Typical Vulnerable Group Development temporary cashforwork foodforwork asset transfer Few nutritionsensitive nutritioncentered For government distribution generally ricebased grain handouts There abundant evidence povertyreduction schemes alonewhile expanding fooddo automatically result improved practices Ensuring balanced nutritious performance indicator depend livelihoods continues important addressing plurality least able take advantage agriculturebased Before discussing possible based order better assist worked benefitted landconstrained Diversification Begun pilot project initially sustainable designed specifically reduce deficiency basic components beneficiaries skills grow diverse plant Beneficiaries organized ease training mutual support sustainability component established demonstration plot nursery community referred Village Model Farm VMF owner received demonstrate selects receive monthly supplements techniques supply seeds saplings micronutrientrich benefit More information scale found Increasing Arich fruits vegetables Lessons learned taking Talukder through flexible different target various goals including reduction maternal child since began enabled egg lentil triple garden double certain had comprehensive evaluation structure shown drastically anemia From outset included educate importance consuming main measures success were increases proxy reduced along changes emphasizing Measurements documented noticeable gains control decisions generated sale surplus products Over evolved developing original aims added poultryrearing easily absorbed sources Since goat always expanded broadbased infant young feeding during pregnancy concert design after conclusion nationwide increasingly turned its greatest insecure tend living environmentally riverbanks riverine islands out remote locations mean size dropped Programmatic adjustments amongst subgroups organization conducted participatory research gain insights characteristics disaggregated basket experiences outlined above offer preliminary lessons developed refined meeting needed set observations follows Expand intensify microplot technical provided emphasizes productivity mediumscale raised bed drainage use fencing creation compost pits traditionally male aspects beds building fence market Field reports suggest cannot follow Effective flooded exist rooftop floating gardens applied geographical zones Promising hydroponic tested could considered floodprone regions encouraged pit crops pumpkin cucumber hardy fastgrowing space generate quick sizeable Intensifying calls mechanical hardier consistent planning tools capitalize understanding seasonality particular uses mapping gardenplanning exercises develop plan modify times process facilitated field staff encourages limitations Ultimately enables little resources builds represent Equitycentered analysis equitycentered clear beneficiary why what Landless involved activities face time agriculturerelated seed complemented shortterm would first step equity across successfully introduced cashfortraining enable while human financial agrobased microenterprises Other complementary might direct conditional cash transfers groupbased savings accounts credits leased revision input differentiated identified Working homogeneous slightly effectivethough ultimately costly smaller incomegenerating help leverage stage identify capitals beyond acquire Emphasize subsidized Improved Poultry Program appropriate emphasis intensive eggs supplemental chickrearing maximizes microplots generates animalsource show opposed livestock Furthermore childrens creates Within trained mobile vaccinators supplies charge fee both mass vaccinations USAIDfunded communitybased course highperforming much Taka month earn around improves vaccinator meets producers filling extension services Develop agroenterprises Building additional occupations Skillstraining participants One built distributing diseaseprone rather hybrid breeds localvariety birds certified breeders solution broader seedselling smallholders located far sapling large vaccination promotion estimate rate BDT farm microirrigation equipment tree grafting carpenters sheds Female skill transform norms gendered Incorporate valueaddition processes incomegeneration sales positive sideeffect primary purpose Data almost all sell aspect autonomy decisionmaking gradually profit inconvenience Incorporating marketoriented strengthens linkages private sector alternative facilitating inputs creating cheaper markets Apart farmer business development establish privatesector actors Nutritionsensitive subsector valuechain analyses niche profits postharvest grading handling secondary processing add value offseason catchment done functionally equipped participate packaging homebased Technologies solar driers ricehusking machines canning Processing storing maximizing storage selecting preserve content selected product risk incorporating displace cases sudden rapid cashpoor perceived although valuable Much relates intrahousehold allocation inappropriate adolescent youngchild Research alonewithout supplementscan moderately united combination brought reductions improvements purchase homesteads role plays core specific materials messages elderly nonreproductive age Improving placed demographic authors Lancet series under did recommend prevent mothers because variable effectiveness text asserted date subdistricts reached correct rigorous evaluations led article studies systemic home husbandry assessment recommended using randomized trials RCT methodology way medical part tradition easy acceptance when launched state methodologies inception remarkable All initial threefold multiple passed despite long history strong monitoring every resulted anthropometric biometric indicators adults Applied completely premise find proven technique successful testing ability accept utilize practice obtain context uptake technology outsiders experiment studied mode enquiry replication makes extremely difficult keep uncontaminated taught transportable uptakes neighboring early Though beneficial welfare contaminate nearby distant similar treated used samples subset treatment elected join offered overcome problem sample separated buffer measuring few select numbers get false negative results During ten NGNESP seven rounds implementation dissemination completed randomly assigning phases comparing current phase planned three four common focused scaling governments donors ready environment required therefore funded huge missed grown complicated intervening nature interpreted ways impacts pathways nourished healthy adoption mother she now eating herself grows her respects contribution offering equal goods Based researcher interprets pathway label cause improvement Analysis account interactions allow heterogeneous outcome major reasons even RCTs conduct contamination reliance intent treat ideal consist baskets horticulture aquaculture Any observed effects stages life Instead seeking answer big question What discrete questions pregnant born Only answering hope justify Discussion conditions detailed highly extreme constitutes defining characteristic challenge evolving triedandtrue global imperative urbanization pressures limit water experience great enthusiasm seen stable potential equitably promote neglected varied means employ risky coping mechanisms reason quantity especially Having nutritionrelated complications translate whom resource places central entails stratifying packages indicates incomeoriented supports longerterm stability combinations assettransfer Developing yield expand availability Training indispensible targets ultra identical promoting lasting underlying determinants implications costs Further floodsensitive modified disaggregation quintile types determining costeffective efficacious References extent Allen Lindsay Asia Pacific journal Clinical Vol Strategies Bangkok Department Extension Organization Regional Office RAP Publication challenges world Tontisirin Kraisid Nantel Guy Bhattacharjee Lalita Proceedings Society FPMU Plan Action Ministry Disaster Management Peoples Republic Dhaka Planning Monitoring Unit Report DartonHill Tables Nutrient Composition Foods English Version Particular Emphasis Vitamin Contents International Statistics Online Cited March httpwwwfaoorgeconomicessfoodsecuritystatisticsen BBS Household Income Expenditure Survey Division Bureau Kennedy Eileen Approaches Linking Health Preliminary WFP Special report FAOWFP crop mission bangladesh Economic Social World Programme Rome Italy UNICEF Child Mother Governemtn Handbook Agricultural httpwwwmoagovbdstatisticsTableCIhtm Global warming induced soil Hossain Brisbane Austrailia Congress Soil Science Solutions Changing Challenges Salination Manprasert Habibur Rahman Somprawin Landlessness case study Journal Sciences Chowdury Mehruna Islam Impact Access Experience Small Marginal Farmers Unnayan OnneshanThe Innovators Van Haeften Roberta Phil Moses Country Framework Washington Technical Assistance Project FANTA Academy Educational AED Matin Imran Sulaiman Munshi Rabbani Mehnaz Crafting Graduation Pathway UltraPoor Evidence BRAC Evaluation Calorie Micronutrient Deprivation Poverty Traps India Jha Raghbendra Gaiha Raghav Sharma Anurag Akhter Ahmed Ruth Vargas Hill Lisa Smith Tim Frankenberger Characteristics Causes Severe Hunger IFPRI Gender Reconstruction Growth Livelihoods REAL Laxmichari Upazila Tango Char Fasson Assessment Design Document prepared Save USA CGN MascieTaylor Marks Goto programme facing Bulletin Aminuzzaman Univeristy Iannotti Lora Cunningham Kenda Ruel Marie Diversifying David Spielman Rajul PandyaLorch Millions Fed Proven Successes Institute semiscavenging girls Neilsen Hanne Roos Nanna Thilsted Shakuntala American Nutritional Nutrtion Can ameliorate Leroy Jef Frongillo Edward November Communities Essential Actions Number April Dishari minutes October Saha Shantanu Kumar Soilless Cultivation People Alternative Livelihood Practice Indigenous Hydroponic FloodProne Ritsumeikan University power socioeconomic InterAction Best Practices Innovations Round wwwInterActionorg httpwwwinteractionorgbpiroundfullhki Intensive Education Supplementary Feeding Improves Status Moderately Malnourished Roy Population Anaemia Review Prevalence Aetiology Public Extent deficiancy Lee Vanessa Commision Unlocking Potential Strategy Accelerated Reduction Monitary Fund Sulfiqar Bhutta Tahmeed Robert Black Simon Sousens Kathryn Dewey Elsa Guigliani Batool Haider Betty Kirkwood Saul Morris HPS Sachdev Meera Shekar Maternal Undernutrition Works Interventions survival February Investment revised Road Map Towards Sex bias care Chen Lincoln Huq Emdadul DSouza Stan Council lactating Factors influencing Faruk Azim Asfia Akhtaruzzaman Mohammad integrated vunerable char dwellers northern empowering Barisal burden action When decisionmaker woman Does difference | |
| Spice Up the Deal in Maluku: A Discussion of the… | Gabriela Prudencio | 2011 | Enterprise Development, Value-Chain Analysis | Policy Reports | While Indonesia and the Maluku province enjoy a strong position in the nutmeg market, the industry faces many constraints that result in Indonesia’s nutmeg sector under-performing relative… Read more | Leland Fellow | Spice the Deal Maluku discussion nutmeg sector Province Indonesia Executive Summary While and province enjoy strong position market industry faces many constraints Nutmeg produced mainly smallscale farmers scarce relevant demand This encourages hedging actors who take their profit cut from sectors earnings but not offer any positive contribution Storage inadequate warehouses often damages quality Farmers receive low prices farm gate despite vast global consequently have little incentive improve production output limiting supply sales addition valueaddition limited done only small number firms result these exports lowvalue other Asian countries China India Thailand which then reexported higher paying markets short Indonesias underperforming relative its potential Despite challenges there opportunity for growth Malukan The forecast continue valueadded industries use nutmegs byproducts raw material inputs Chinese medicine oil spices CocaCola Consequently entire commodity suitable export room local added value has bright future should buyers implement appropriate policies practices Malukus soil uniquely suited produce high poor harvesting postharvest are damaging endproduct Closer cooperation between key players chain would provide clear incentives increase vertical also eliminate hedgers promise sustainable make investments required maintain expand brand paper argues that adoption new set business mutually beneficial all inclusive although requiring initial investment yield profits long run benefit will related policy recommendations leadfirms exporters large traders Background archipelago islands located Eastern with population over million Civil conflict displaced people ongoing economic repercussions been severe Today third poorest percent living poverty compared national average baseline survey carried out Mercy Corps indicates Tehorou Amahai districts Seram island Central household five earns under USD per month equivalent centspersonday Predictably food security rates defined process technology combined labor processed assembled marketed distributed Kogut Designing strategies comparative competitive chains Sloan Management Review Between suppliers one largest world ranking after rich when harvested right time undergoes treatment outranks competitors Grenada Guatemala according expertsi However knowledge invest increased maintaining They cannot access finance services agricultural extension mobile needed yields Even ability system such they price improved premium farmgate level Lack coupled lack capacity results lower product directly prevents entrance require These factors hinder spice levels translate into stakeholders risking sustainability potentially highly profitable closer look reveals rooted exclusive focus shortterm Adoption Market Analysis Smallscale generally work less than hectares land Ambon Islands sell village collectors independent community transport nearest collection center From centers send Surabaya regional hub Occasionally able put together enough volume ship Masohi capital Collection act intermediary negotiate slightly different qualities mostly some But differentials pay roughly same famers regardless widen including credit interest quick payments transportation can gather minimum Once may through before actually reaching final buyerexporter Hedgers hold commodities until increases tend damage storage facilities leaving risk fungus pest attacks Further tighten margins others each actor takes share bulk exported unsuitable European Garam Kincaca United States questionable thus hampering this due risks Only grade pressure coming seasons since repay American Most sold lowerpaying where drives down Figure Value Chain Diagramii Traders Transport Brokers Growers Input Supplier Netherlands France states Ferry Small commercial colonial area Banda Few Fertilizers Chemicals Seeds sellers Freight forwarders Processors sort grind Local Exporters Essential Oil refineries java essential etc Asia reexport Community hired Government Processor manufactures dried fruit Sector Opportunities Constraints critical livelihoods metric tons cultivated households forecasts Indonesian capable producing claim appropriately stored adequately worlds best Nevertheless identify top constraint thriving Factors contributing include used enjoyed stable requirements Sandeep Tekriwal president Van Aroma lead exporter oils based Aceh expects decreasing disease listed Assessment November technical wide range how rehabilitate lowerproducing trees differentiate male female Provinces public budget sufficient service significant example officers cover University Pattimura primary research education institution does conduct outreach training private identified developing farmer capacities perception socially volatile trust contribute remote communities basic handling products unable crops withstand Warehouses drying structures seedlings equality unavailable pressures early mature dry further compromises Low diminishing inhibit returns contributed most productive age eight see investing passed prime Instead shifting cultivating like clove Limited wholesale package Some processes treat Aflatoxins Salmonella common root cause stated above relatively differentiated Thus financial resources had unlike cocoa Sulawesi active ensuring hand anecdotal evidence suggests always keep commitments contracts ratio yet extremely difficult tell difference flowering years planting useable even males nearby simple grafting technique enable ensure tree practice known practiced There information transfer systems place district invests heavily setting schools Cocoa Clinics breeds support refinery was interested ahead never received order Recommendations current steady income inhibits longterm diminishes discontinued lowers obviously stand lose status quo compromised fell off offset adopt come cost gains longer term dynamics relationship goal outputs towards more Change start firm via With likely specifications given now gain help them report important helping overcome problems face role could change collector leverage serve transmitter informing buyer situation ground Giving better understand underlying alleviate engaging providers providing inputsservices themselves perhaps leveraging Moreover she sees direct hisher One leadfirm provides useful case study Ollop exporting owned managed MalukanDutch family social commitment ensures need aware desired company invested researchers assess main control works few groups building payment rewards cooperative Quality tightly controlled once arrive warehouse town Hila Island frequent reports transactions adds additional layer transparency instrumental Finally organic certification producers smallholder farms certified nature relationships usually described microlinks wiki Horizontal significantly quantified benefits made believes way compliance Unfortunately working Nonetheless powerful demonstration coordination devise mechanisms Implementing differentiation highergraded concrete apply good Devising dissemination informed decisions Generating group formation dealing improving communication parties Investing means phone embedded input Facilitating equipment adequate reduce fluctuations discourage Should companies substantial Increasing productivity techniques next ten widely adopted improvements show immediate Furthermore deeper meet changes currently favoring requires rigid surveillance closely want tap Proven examples numerous practical clearly governance structure determines competitiveness Mars Symbioscience representing Chocolates chocolate leader attempt viability established clinics developed strengthened economies scale buying stations give easy purchasing unitsagents every explicit recognition depend ounce found assessment health life sciences segment Incorporated focused delivering evidencebased science idea incubator headquartered Rockville Maryland USA units Botanical Veterinary Plantcare produces brands WISDOM PANEL SERAMIS COCOAVIA CIRKU httpwwwmarssymbiosciencecom recognizes without wont great grandchildreniii studies quantify impact qualitative multiple Other Armajaro Olam followed signaling strategy benefitted employs own agents cooperate movement protection environment both crucial productioniv Simultaneously source troubleshooting successes along Interfirm concept development applied organizations incomes past two decades leaders USAID ACDIVOCA Action Enterprise AFE led topic Successful projects involving project Nepal implemented succeeded persuading differential cardamom USAIDfunded Production Finance Technology PROFIT Zambia successfully worked horticulture Outgrower schemes aiming cohesiveness commonly partnership Manual Development Operationsv guide tools assist build develop operate outgrowing operations farmersvi document equip determining Risks integration Lead stage reluctant prevent supplying competitor engage contractual arrangements Engaging leadership individual defaulting involve nongovernmental educating about importance abiding continued Including siblings retired CEO Forrest chairman John Franklyn Jacqueline Badger individuals leading Jeanne Downing Eric Derks Michael Field Olaf Kulaf Frank Lusby Acton FAO defines outgrower formal arrangement growers firmbuyer agriculturalforestry partnerships vary terms costs shared Producers individually collectively httpwwwfaoorgdocrepaceacehtm lands nearly play valuable Firms varying degrees select context Ollops model beyond trainings financing costly well because trusting owners staff available spot toward integrated necessarily single agent salary train technologies exchange Providing discounting upon delivery risky advisable facilitating party merely exchanging agroretailers what Price degree capture places launch lowcost tips announcements certain activities though greatly enhance companys purchase serious Mobile manpower check already step bringing inhouse mean For stem being locked crop year might forgoing offering note however analysis probably indicate whom contracted paid must abide contract default stop detriment government governments conducive thorough scope following actions dialogue solutions Building infrastructure needs lacks laboratory testing processing paperwork fisheries costbenefit versus whether worthwhile specializing skills Coinvesting attend international exhibitions trade expeditions pursue deals GDP satellitebased ease traceability outside expense priorities coinvestment encourage become requirement Conclusion Services enterprises seller enterprise free part transactional scenarios fees course indirectly Microlinks Wiki httpappsdevelebridgenetamapindexphpEmbedded_Services Codex Alimentarius Commission follow specified stages distribution Traceability guarantees authentically tremendous profitsand incomesfor lowincome whole hamper Overcoming strategic increasing involvement Such buy seek enter mutual SPICE SECTOR ASSESSMENT REPORT Annex iii Jerry Lewis tests Boulder Apr httpboulderreportercommarstestmarketssustainablechocolateproductinboulder ivMercy COCOA BRIEF District Operations FIELDSupport LWA Cooperative Agreement EEMA wwwactionforenterpriseorgpaperusaidpdf | |
| Hungry for Change: Holding USDA McGovern-Dole Food for Education and… | Erica Holzaepfel | 2011 | Food Aid, Monitoring and Evaluation, School Feeding | Policy Reports | This paper analyzes the efforts the US Department of Agriculture’s Food Assistance Division has made to institutionalize rigorous monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the McGovern-Dole Food for… Read more | Leland Fellow | Hungry for Change Holding USDA McGovernDole Food Education and Child Nutrition Program Accountable Commitments Monitoring Evaluation Erica Holzaepfel Leland Hunger Fellow Department Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service June Executive Summary The Assistance Division FAD the charged with mandate demonstrate accountability achieving results meeting goals laid out its Congressionallysupported MGD Progress Programs FFPr This grounded extensive findings lack effectiveness development assistance programs around world pursuing combination actions meet these requirements including establishment Results Oriented Management ROM system institutionalization Divisionwide Policy extent which initiatives promise deliver changes necessary responding this appear limited feeble Most important staff lacks technical capacity embrace support while same time certain aspects process have served undermine essential tenets order effectively respond greater demonstration program needs ensure that logical frameworks reflect each underlying well commit hiring new competencies monitoring evaluation who can take full responsibility implementing Introduction Farm Securities Rural Investment Act formally authorized administered Office Capacity Building Development OCBD within FAS United States legislation requires independent third party midterm final evaluations all unless otherwise specified project agreement However since has operated absence policy Several external reviews food been conducted received strong criticism failure manage several systems procedures lies base criticisms Seeking address began develop institute comprehensive System achievement Agencywide recently taken steps devise guide robust managed under was launched International Aid Conference IFAD Kansas City Missouri sets forth extremely ambitious agenda institutionalize CFR Part available from httpwwwfasusdagovinfofrMcGovDoleasp partners conduct using most rigorous methodology possible focus impact Background last twenty years witnessed advancement into professionalized field study practice need learning international gained attention evolution discipline built upon significant effort understand ultimately resolve direct shortterm underpinning longterm causes poverty protracted underdevelopment result rapidly expanded numerous strategies more policies designed assist donors organizations seeking launch effective expansion over decade combined increased scrutiny use Government USG funds raised awareness better how problems they seek alleviate Organization Economic Cooperation Developments Committee OECD DAC series assessments aid progress member countries Paris Declaration Accra Agenda For Action surveys reveal not only dearth programming but also decisive failures Findings other httpstatsoecdorgIndexaspxDatasetCodeODA_DONOR httpwwwoecdorgdocumenten_______html helped catalyze appeal implement interventions determine best measure Since early strategic metaevaluations attempting outcomes discern role improve refine thinking design stressing place understanding dynamics operational context linking directly planning intervention Simultaneously shown must linked core preprogram such analysis baseline assessment framework indicators spurred specific tools methodologies are intended facilitate Despite heightened placed improving literature still draws critical gap monitor evaluate their response growing importance evaluating Accountability GAO Diana Chigas Peter Woodrow Demystifying Impacts Practice New Routes Vol March example see When Will Ever Learn Improving Lives Through Impact Center Global Report Gap Working Group May efficiency again These reports strongly noted improvements USDAs previous Inspector General OIG established Unit MES responsible managing providing performance management seeks theory FADs should implementation because strengthen transparency encourage appropriate organizational faced substantial undertake set measures upholding standards practices Statement current presents Divisions commitment requiring implemented compliance rules accurately reported against information httpwwwgaogovnewitemsdpdf used inform purpose particular aims integration processes serves stakeholders expectations regarding outlines range methods roles responsibilities key ways will disseminated decisions focuses higherlevel activities inputs outputs impacts include improved security nutritional status beneficiaries school enrollment attendance educational promotes decisionmaking level than achieved through tracking collecting anecdotes documenting individual success stories help internal coordination allocated achieve greatest end integrated structures reporting formulation financial budget human resource Reasons suggested among criticized failing basic targeted deficiency oversight Specific accounts limitations agency analysts provide feedback Officers systematic useful site visits completed Internal observation experience working reveals additional weaknesses USGAO Various Challenges Limit Effectiveness Efficiency Oversight Needs Improvement structural inadequacies addressed lead uphold Implementation prohibitively narrow singular led divergence away nutrition difficult capture McGovernDoles causal logic schoolbased meals takehome rations therefore almost entirely removed simplification reflects broader bring about shift fully light existing fundamental opposite extreme unrealistically large overly optimistic presently unequipped fulfill prepared does sufficient skills required resources hire given budgets remain unable hunger fail properly those populations report criticize predominant closeout exposes challenges ability carry clear primary work Pakistan Afghanistan clarify relation distinct regard supporting Performance GPRA passed subsequent Modernization January require agencies regularly Agency objectives outcome oriented targets links priorities pieces integrating involves informing httpwwwgpogovfdsyspkgBILLShrenrpdfBILLShrenrpdf participants explained above purposes written yet being part options considered plan detailing when make transition analyst exclusively proposal review negotiation commodity towards oversee involved beyond stage ending members equipped overseas sufficiently stages cycle takes consideration supports reconfigure intermediate cognitive function addition dominate model sure maintained invest regular training apply adjust plans maximize plays helpful deployment clearly defined | |
| Local and Regional Procurement: A Case Study of Mercy Corps’… | Emily Wei | 2011 | Food Aid, Local and Regional Purchase | Policy Reports | This paper discusses the findings from recent reviews of local and regional purchase (LRP) food aid projects implemented by Mercy Corps in five countries, with emphasis on… Read more | Leland Fellow | LOCAL AND REGIONAL PROCUREMENT CASE STUDY MERCY CORPS PROGRAMMING HAITI KYRGYZSTAN NIGER Emily Wei June Congressional Hunger Center Leland International Fellow Mercy Corps EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over the past few decades one most powerful tools battle hunger has been provision food sourced and shipped from United States The government however begun fund alternative approach sourcing aid Local Regional Procurement LRPwhich purchase country region distribution use cash andor vouchers for nonfood items that reduce insecurity among targeted population budgets become tighter foreign agencies implementing assitance programs must manner increasingly efficient effective LRP relatively new arena therefore are still subject many unknowns This research was performed fill some gaps understanding far can learned through existing implemented eight five countries uses all three types mechanisms each its designed fit contexts corresponding needs beneficiary communities Findings TIME While Title commodity shipments traditionally take four six months reach their destination generally found beneficiaries shorter amount time Among average benefits begin days just over half COST cost comparison completed traditional same comparable basket goods shows percent equivalent savings EFFECTIVENESS were have positive impacts vendors who involved Some include Programs provide greater choice addressing address issues consumption might not psychological wellbeing avoiding negative coping multiple addon effects respectful mechanism Impacts important keep mind even though efficiency factor instances emergency timed coincide with lean seasons Therefore could earlier than recorded figures above Looking number procurement give more accurate how quickly operationalized For this includes costs commodities sea shipping inland transportation rates fumigation handling inspection where these available expanding business capacity building aligning formal systems national INGO related integrate local into relief development activities sense community benefit economic recovery also nonparticipating lead which difficult fully understand unless they studied longer period However potential work bring people businesses longterm protection against One issue contention whether fulfills Harm tenet study showed affected prices notable degree displaced livelihoods Food safety quality adequately addressed Policy recommendations regarding funding Advocate channels including funds currently used Farm Bill IDA explore others less readily tapped PEPFAR McGovern Dole nonemergency lengthier projects better achieve coordination donors USAID USDA continued attention data collection market monitoring implementation linkages between aspects things like allowance crosssectoral components conjunction much MYAPs flexibility allow change program design changing landscape Encourage dissemination lessons governments social nets mobile money etc widely applicable steady broader ensure markets disrupted BACKGROUND regional Government LRPthrough recently allowed exploration such recent example Foreign Assistance Act permits response international disasters supplemental appropriation Operations disaster assistance transfers purchasing World Program WFP years now Purchase Progress pilot looking developmentfocused linking small holder farmers million budget funded USG Overall Accountability Office GAO estimates about worth drawn account since Funds come USAIDs Disaster OFDA State Departments Bureau Population Refugees Migration Presidents Emergency Plan AIDS Relief implements both office Peace FFP stated goals twofold meet make started authorized Conservation Energy year running total purpose examine timeliness main objective help due crises because duration USDAs developmental heavier focus Mechanisms Cash Vouchers ProcurementDistribution There basic localregional distributions direct either conditional unconditional buying part but control donor security outcomes risk transfer skew selection limit purchases certain They additional intended integrating them system formalizing growing APS Last there operating usually open limited tender process suppliers bid public call relies heavily large whereas voucher smaller type course whole poses default other distortions Understanding date Existing finds depending location situation costly ship transport store distribute times providing recipients only cents dollar information will increased efficiencies appropriate when properly functioning Cornell University created Market Information Insecurity Response Analysis MIFIRA framework identify best fits given context harm before helps agency decide would Monitoring evaluation especially during any disruption break along working together under Learning Alliance activity streamlines across while indepth analysis own Unknowns questions Because programming quite emergencies yet known piloting longerterm implemention hard realize short Likewise aims very results shown raised previous studies Whether standards maintained locally purchased problem defaulting tenders general reliability poor infrastructure logistical capacities hinder timing restrictions inhibit efficacy LRPs affect adversely agricultural consumers insecure negatively producers Purpose Hanrahan Charles Aid Research Service January PVOs implement encounter mentioned Experience different those prorgams name Country Donor Timeframe Localized Immediate Drought LIDR Niger RESPOND LEARN USAIDFFP KimbeLa Hang Haiti Voucher Mobile EFA Kyrgyzstan Community Based Nutrition Intervention Insecure Households USAIDOFDA Zimbabwe Urban Feeding ZUFP LocalRegional Tajikistan These visited interviews group discussions conducted explained further methodology Below detailed description targets vulnerable households taken PortauPrince require expanded Beneficiaries chosen receive initial baseline survey subsequent verification distributes piloted innovative collaboration private phone banking allows easily introduces transaction useful areas lives Each household per month buy following staple foods rice beans oil maize phones had respond drought ongoing assist Beneficiary rations cowpeas procures cooking salt merchants engages monthly two first severe energy crisis crop failures resulted lack stores high regionally procured Kyrgyz distributed winter until next harvest reached second soon after ethnic unrest caused displacement loss life assets populations creating humanitarian southern form conflict already facing chronic did hungry restore sustaining demand locallyproduced wheat flour vegetable began political exacerbated plight urban access employment Through baskets consisting peanut butter cornsoy blend CSB series environmental particularly children age orphans disabled elderly womenheaded METHODOLOGY Field Interviews Focus Group Discussions took place researcher field visits included key informant staff set questionnaire guidance able participate herself except room followup probing questioning enhance qualitative findings themes participants experience what cashvouchersfood individual preferences worked closely teams sampled variety characteristics rural gender ages met differing criteria countryregion officers multiyear MYAPS Cost Comparison using calculator provided versus Commodity Shipping rate Fumigation Inland Inspection Handling Other calculations differed printing Kompanion III MAIN FINDINGS Time stocks prepositioned elsewhere Michigan report subsaharan African saved subSaharan Africa around similar inkind Latin America Tschirley David Anne Marie del Castillo Assessment Elements Good Practice MSU Development Working Paper Can Enhance Efficiency Challenges May Constrain Its Implementation Effectiveness objectives oriented added explored section upon primary groups curb avoid freeing resources health education Generally preferred programing gave case received superior themselves All Where almost despite freedom provides limitations always necessary targeting came season migrated Libya Cote DIvoire returning home immigration eat meals day opposed improved nutritional status challenge faced extent actually essential element good utilization Locally thus result Our often traded sold left uneaten decreasing ensuring gain likely utilize guarantee reliable regular onset creates reported major worrying meal cases size hosting IDPs migratory returnees Nigers create solidarity peace shared prevented resorting harmful selling eating nutritious famine families sell animals young men migrating knew enough disposal various ways gardens produce supplemented income pay school fees sustained labor production land without resort sending male another keeping farms sustain upcoming significant usedbeneficiaries made possible severely integration start helped woman her stock stand she driveway making supply neighbors too afraid restock shops destroyed payment daughters university overwhelming appreciation fact respect chance choosing Additionally conveyed Impact Vendors Integrating immediate players well majority participating expand contributed economy hiring employees cited participation margin supplier his volume him supplying stocking tendering build bids contracts contract amendment brought sector discussed below required records portion got opportunity learn transactions When asked interested continuing skills developed procurementdistribution aligned registering having proper documentation effect licenses patents acquired within entering longstanding intention get patent impetus finally obtain Similarly submitting increase profits varied strategy light drastic unexpected price fluctuations appreciated being felt playing reconstruction clear need became source integral offered After conflicts recover varying degrees stands neighborhoods functional peoples patterns changed fear going dominated ethnicity coupled stalls spring contribute contributing off debts incurred aftermath Even directly credit feel obliged interest burden With budren distorted disbursement Potential Both want identification controversial aspect event lost materials gives incentive replace documents developmentoriented purposes brings back anything slower seen impact establishes net equipped administer individuals issued implications tremendous influx certainly point should meeting preventing expect future protect act scan satisfying disruptions concern rose concert world increases identified Only cursory gathered specifically normally amounts petite marche perhaps larger tested localized nature inspector compared extant Codex Alimentarius adopted Nations unsuitable human animal feed instruction inspectors Recommendations RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING FUNDING proven costeffective fast nonemergencies becomes politically salient push continue preliminary notes attainable predictable procurements occur marketing cycles continues stimulus increasing farm basis Sustained farmer confidence external exists reasonably favorable longest Capacity Building Agricultural Page spanned recognized implementers itself hardly productivity realized nonagricultural great bodies again Funding coordinated crossagency complementary recommendation possibly link see longerlasting focused towards grows settings FOR IMPLEMENTATION Roundtable Responding Transfer Interventions held responses recommended initatives Such Much inclusion volatility greatly power maybe right knowing changeover EMMA largescale experiences Many collect statistics offices FEWSNET partnerships alliances Also entire value chain documented looks does look growers | |
| IMPROVING FOOD SECURITY BY LINKING GENEBANKS TO FARMERS THROUGH THE… | Curan Bonham | 2011 | Food Systems and Agriculture | Policy Reports | Smallholder Farmers | Linking genebanks (i.e. cold storage repositories for seed varieties) with farmers through direct release of targeted landrace varieties (i.e. traditional farmer-bred varieties) can catalyze an increase in… Read more | Leland Fellow | IMPROVING FOOD SECURITY LINKING GENEBANKS FARMERS THROUGH THE DIRECT RELEASE TARGETED LANDRACE VARIETIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY clear that landraces provide demonstrable yield advantage over currently available improved varieties marginal areas there significant demand for these and have become continually scarcer time Linking genebanks cold storage repositories seed with farmers through direct release targeted landrace traditional farmerbred can meet demands catalyze increase productivity food security the vulnerable populations inhabiting arid regions Rajasthan other places similar nature Though breeders researchers are using germplasm collections crop improvement some extent farmer representative organizations not directly accessing maintained except rare situations However now evidence shows value many agricultural scientists interested potential returning longer them The purpose this policy brief demonstrate linking improving enhancing livelihoods small scale Through case study pearl millet production India illustrate added conserved also discuss constraints farmergenebank linkages suggest mechanisms options could implemented both National Government well Governing Body International Treaty Plant Genetic Resources Food Agriculture ITPGRFA bridge gap exists between Within context number research studies shown under conditions such those prevalent materials consistently outperformed conventionally bred providing better option than cultivation There accessions unique lots usually composed distinct two major These potentially supply restoration lost One greatest challenges understanding how effectively engage national makers discussion about integration into chain knowing where begin important linkage strategy selected will robust complementary current systems technical administrative political considerations affect including lack information held genebank pre breeding heavily regulated harmonization government structures Based upon scenario outlined work identify three possible Commission multidisciplinary contracting parties understand which genebankfarmer most viable Form multistakeholder Task Force benefits mainstream distribution use Mandate creation apparatus integrates public private order create effective chains reach INTRODUCTION Increasing scarcity water costs fossil fuelbased inputs projected changes pest dynamics precipitation temperature mean future intensification need built different foundations Crop genetic diversity resistance climatic soil fertility stresses common environments reduce vulnerability pests diseases increasing resilience harvests reducing risks resourcepoor Since thousands source genes been collected was conserve were becoming extinct they later utilized largely plant development new Engels activities created diverse centralized nations world situ Smale Hodgkin recognizing advantages reciprocal trade goes just from but back BramelCox Ngoc Worede Throughout part agencies housed Ministry While each has its own set management regulations protocols all signatories bound general rules defined Indias managed Bureau NBPGR supervision Indian Councial Agricultural Research ICAR signatory agreed established system sui generis laws implement provided meaningful contributions access resources PGR gone far enough serve ultimate beneficiaries Currently Treatys Standard Materials Transfer Agreement SMTA details legal norms transfer states article Material shall used only purposes training agriculture structured prevents any recipient famers included acquired position visvis explicitly mentioned Are receive answer depend situation Although does prohibit useful neither recognition legitimate requesters Farmers often skills necessary therefore put place facilitate fully implementing specifically obligation distribute valuable field again restored contribute achieving paper considered possibly endorsed consider issue rubrics rights sustainable PGRFA INCREASING PEARL MILLET PRODUCTIVITY RAINFED REGIONS RAJASTHAN Pearl cereal cultivated wide main poorest Africa Board Science Technology Development Due ability withstand drought high temperatures low requirement nutrient content light climate change Therefore needed able adapt changing largest producing country approximately per year Khairwal state accounting total area Nevertheless levels among lowest nationwide due inherent mostly agroecological environment economy global level biodiversity conservation estimated grown especially rain fed yielding hybrids perform Mathur much because persistent replacement more profitable crops outcrossing hybrid cultivars planted close proximity survey conducted districts showed period decreased cultivating had Bonham cause loss recurring variety yet surveyed expressed desire reacquire their willingness pay acquisition rate par market price Resource Crops Institute SemiArid Tropics ICRISAT Additionally identified great economic developing markets species repatriation performed Yadav Bidinger Weltzien Witcombe examples out yielded developed rice Uttaranchal compared modern found ranged tha whereas average yields Reddi Singh interesting example flux already unavailability local recommendations disseminated extension officers transitioning region rainfed Commissionerate makes sense promote rather focus conventional wisdom dictates CONSTRAINTS FARMERGENBANK LINKAGES Technical superiority proven numerous cases exist doubts after having removed natural process selection years van Hintum Parzies quantity multiplication maintain viability large subset heterogeneous alter frequency thereby causing drift alteration performance adaptability This problem requires reevaluated regional varietal trials before distributed agronomic assessed true type genetically compromised playing active role evaluating making preliminary selections identifying desirable traits Nass Paterniani prebreeding promising alternative programs Prebreeding develop subsets undertaken link passport evaluation associated targeting difficult Passport data gathered every includes geographic location collection site physical characteristics habitat Genebanks relational databases would quickly certain even when integrated single searchable database tools techniques geospatial analysis bioinformatics GENESYS FIGS GRIN DIVAGIS Maxent expert knowledge target basis highly sophisticated presided Central State Seed Sub Committees CSSC SSSC institutional bodies along coordination Variety Evaluation Committee SVEC All Coordinated Programs AICRP responsible testing authorization released Seeds Act Amendment seeds must registered take notified Vyas adhere distinctness uniformity stability DUS standards Council Many although observably stable always uniform Halewood nonuniformity enables productive Ceccarelli Grando enter official Strict adherence hinders satisfy consequently standard needs adapted make exceptions Relaxing may long term goal streamlining since produced certified another way introduced affiliated truthfully labeled category subject strict monitoring certification agency guarantee practices adhered during Truthfully names uncertified name particular company officially central guaranteed followed good purity integrity quality parameters germination Rule mechanism allow acquire commercially without registration alone cannot commercial planting times hard pressed deliver grams smaller depending requester land holding hectare required means one greater what customarily give stocking density plants produce grain sow monsoon kharif season devoted impossible possess intermediaries involved assure maintenance Administrative impact coordinate Corporation Farm streamlined avoids duplication confusion calibrating sector regards solves side equation Public satisfies overall Unless given funding mandate derived met institutions marketing first step show existence companies recognize expanding creating efficient networks majority Tripp Pal liberalization larger capacity meeting corporations focuses mainly require mechanization line sowing irrigation fertilizers proper Involving problematic industry less input oriented comprised From profit perspective disincentive Hybrids lose heterotic vigor gains generation buy heterosis advantageous increases sales Private form incentive partnership sort project once responsibility assumed informal hurdles connecting orientation managers know idea Changing look ways present mandated believed thought consumer Neither dissemination holdings nor negotiate bureaucracy sufficiently Facilitating exchange intermediary steps request appropriate achieve measurable happen organized funded initiative integrate Political Current nonprofit outlaws activity Department Scientific Industrial DSIR restrictions unlikely qualify Without modifications likelihood scaling effort quantities Another consideration affects related list annex domain Multi Lateral System MLS should made treaty prior informed consent mutually terms material agreement according FAO stipulation casts doubt legality releasing inherently engaged fact receiving packet spend several cycles selecting full implies modified originally received actually carrying function akin breeder researcher Under entitled addition Hoc Advisory Multilateral helpful First recommends separate express permission above comes supplying original provider allowing redistribution suggests right instrument complex formal transaction same backing accountability circumventing avoid bureaucratic inhibiting contributed initially plans easily gain entities review requests Biodiversity Authority NBA Protection Rights PVPFRA Navigating clarification roles authorities proliferation govern creates ambiguity regard jurisdiction taking decisions unclear linked Exchange Division however operates oversight supreme authority proposals concern committee reviews exportimport mandates Boards SBBs Management BMCs authorize restrict Indians formation whether either charged registering depositing samples assuring adequate benefit sharing agreements With multitude overseeing complicated unfolds comprehend Finally themselves resist fear come control who incorporate negate provisions Some biopiracy kind occurred past relationship trust redeveloped difficulties within governmental addressed beneficial POLICY OPTIONS willing Formulating add incomes improve range aimed via independently concert comprehensive include pilot assess assessment extensive geo spatial technology implications shared director deputy annual Time implementation corresponding Financial covered Benefitsharing fund NARS consist representatives Secretariat community members framework advise Departments discussions then financial division initiate projects educate agents availability stored realize incorporated Plan Planning intervention multiple believe pursue combination immediate Option longterm immediately countries strong further governing prove unwieldy shortterm More feasible consensus building negotiations counter entrenched dogma unproductive favorable Where clearly demonstrated enormous References Sharma Performance Pennisetum glaucum zone Journal Genetics Lost Volume Grains Academy Press Washington Unpublished Dulloo Brahmi Tyagi Upadhyaya Germplasm Use Asian Biotechnology Review Toward establishing links Participatory approaches FriisHansen Sthapit eds Rome Italy Barley Fertile Crescent lesson Genes Edited Brush IPGRI Center Lewis Publishers Ottawa Boca Raton Statistics Glance Year Statistical Cell Jaipur JMM Genebank essential Newsletter Organization international Via delle terme caracalla ftpftpfaoorgdocrepfaoieiepdf Cherfas Hazekamp Robinson property allocating intellectual communities BiberKlemm Cottier editors basic issues perspectives CABI Wallingford Rao CibrianJaramillo Gaiji Jackson Pacual Utilizing conserving agrobiodiversity landscapes Ecosystems Environment Rajpurohit Rai Kherwa Millet Cultivation Production Improvement Project Mandor Jodhpur Coordinator Subregional Office South Asia Bioversity Personal communication maize Scientia Agricola Country Report New Delhi Vietnam Spoor Ennos barley Hordeum vulgare ssp Vulgare lengths gene banks Heredity Rebuiding base farmerscientistactivist alliance Proceedings Symposium Using Diversity maintaining onfarm IDRC office Jor bagh Organising Mountain carry Managing Agrobiodiversity Tej Partap Eds ICIMOD Kathmandu Nepal DayRubenstein World Biological Universal law publishing Pvt Ltd httpwwwnbaindiaorg httpagricoopnicinseedsacthtm second hoc advisory multilateral August Septermber Brasilia Brazil httpwwwplanttreatyorg Information Van Wiel CCM Visser Treuren Vosman Brassica oleracea bank effects regeneration measured AFLPs Theoretical Applied Release popularization choice Making Virk Farrington Oxford IBH Population Paper presented Sixth Congress SABRAO Tsukuba Japan Teshome Tesemma Ethiopia Dualpurpose sources stover Characterization Utilization diversification Annals Arid Zone Weltzlen Differential response landracebased contrasting Ann |
| Policies for Successful U.S. Foreign Aid in the Gaza Strip | Carlos Centeno | 2011 | Health, Nutrition and Hunger | Policy Reports | Restrictions by the Israeli government and Hamas on beneficiaries’ livelihoods in Gaza are decreasing the long-term impact of US foreign assistance. A close look at humanitarian operations… Read more | Leland Fellow | Congressional Hunger Center POLICIES FOR SUCCESSFUL FOREIGN AID THE GAZA STRIP Mickey Leland International Fellowship Carlos Centeno Policy Placement WFP Development fundamental part our national security extreme poverty the realities access water and food which creates longterm drivers insecurity Rajiv Shah USAID Administrator logo says From American people but work has seen for shah EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Restrictions Israeli government Hamas beneficiaries livelihoods Gaza are decreasing impact foreign assistance close look humanitarian operations shows that have cut systematically cutting off all livelihood strategies rendering development futile This paper uses Sustainable Livelihoods Framework based concept occupation chokepoints support argument above then outlines three policies likely improve situation roadblocks peace The USG can take another step towards with State Department policy includes pushing fronts Accountability Enforcement Measures Economic restrictions actors hamper effectiveness aid Strengthening Performance Planning Improving performancebased planning reflect information useful policymaking III Increased public debate Foreign Aid specifically House Committee Affairs Senate Relations should foster hearings papers other debates involving NGOs academics officials through funding opportunities institutional backing Early FATAH HAMAS formed unity Since members Congress repeatedly asked President consider restricting Palestinian Authority after formation Government further imposed new taxpayers ask themselves whether their money making difference strip merely financing keep Palestinians line while continue erode does not argue stop assisting order push reforms will allow achieve its goal peacebuilding prosperity Gazans considers terrorist organization SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS CHOKEPOINTS DFIDs approach tool analysis focuses resources outcomes For example vegetable garden how they make benefit them what wish produce understand broad terms choking sustainable lens used Specifically this show needs recommendations made would effective addressing problems identified See FROM OCHAWFP August situations chronic conflict encompasses assets During coping increase vulnerability farmer who fishing may want invest horticulture project his land However restricted agriculture tools makes impossible him plant anything large enough quantities sell define CHOKEPOINT framework understood holistic human one basic requirements develop normal lives showing blocked brings two questions Are being effectively every strategy available How livelihoodbased interventions supposed any diagram below some enforced While also engagement West Bank past biggest impediments strengthened point asset important note social capital cannot easily result oppressive living conditions prompt rely each credit healthcare among things Under common threat danger risk community usually turn help better chance mitigating negative shock similar communities Ethiopia build resilience natural disasters building soil conservation been under restricts means time goes Israelis stall talks find space maneuver dwindling hanging thread patience survive neighbour either heavily indebted now afford lend more out because family member sick health care severely causing costs shoot same getting shot coast trying fish sail Egyptian waters hours away Organization Coordination Humanitarian AffairsWorld Food Programme Gazas residents testimonies case Fayyadh AlSumeiri financial capitals directly affected Cast Lead offensive following about rubble collector was working shallow pit exemplifies job loss Farmer heads farming household Qarara area Khan Yunis owns plot dunums located meters from fence planted almonds olives cactus leveled military since remained inaccessible due warning fire opened nearby watch tower person attempting reach second six west cultivated olive trees late subsequently replanted wheat consumed bartered day laborers offset losses rented dunum Suq Mazen zucchini Both areas were bulldozed during irrigation network installed European Union totally destroyed income pushed into state dire NIS debt Between Fence Hard Place OCHA Dunams hectare Every pass shops see owe lower head dont know Everything earned meter destroyedEvery pray able return bring back Mohammed Abu Wardeh Rubble Collector collecting March provide wife children supporting extended relies upon main bread winner Prior unemployed worked temporary alleviation Municipality morning approximately year old brother depart home Beit Lahiya donkeycart former Erez industrial May arrived site workers already many displayed white cloth indicate presence civilian status troops Despite intermittent began Later when tried exit hit bullet penetrated right leg exited side His cousin called ambulance however latter refused Therefore put donkey cart transported half hour where waiting brought hospital suffered multiple fractures underwent external fixation surgery DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE concerns recent invasion forces Budget Justification Operations reflects continuing process improved strategic focus data quality topics greater interest USGs document provides justification Administrations budget request approved More performance inform manage results justifies continued Israel Book states All programs funded consistent legislative vetted nongovernmental international organizations meet objectives Beyond immediate relief successful implementation dependent establishment durable ceasefire creation operating Operation response rocket attacks launch campaign December Some died Fiscal Year httpwwwstategovdocumentsorganizationpdf environment interfere USfunded activities essential materials commodities five requested disbursements included rebuild million suggests most funds reconstruction infrastructure whereby estimated agricultural landdamaged private sector production facilities damaged Another level economic recovery reduce microenterprises Its particularly interesting mentioned USGfunded ability move United Nations agencies ground complained almost interferes World Programmes Protection unit said report Regarding Strip shifting form namely Work FFW examples carpentry painting hampered ongoing blockade well export products steady must sanctioning too Emphasis author coordinator Max Gaylard Delays movement staff guiding monitoring executing mean delays rising added Services delayed reduced Furthermore OPT full control Nothing noone purposes without approval IRIN News hindering delivery particular presents severe Severe import June prevented planned projects resulted significant Additionally contact donors prohibits authorities narrowing operational Occupied Territory reference Emergency Jobs Program EJP intended emergency employment collaboration sectors focusing focused removal targeted nonForeign Terrorist controlled governorates complete persondays required reducing number individuals reduces dependence stimulates local economy thereby creating potential failed start coup Office Inspector Generals Audit program showed just rubbleclearing worth completed Because political sic implementing could conduct additional there Consequently April mission use unemployment rate continues rise worst world current efforts best goodwill especially fail despite extensive sanitation implemented constraints Community Assistance PCAP initiative housing identifying developing feasible preparing resident youth businesses respond future skill training With goals Factsheet Water Page January AUDIT USAIDWEST BANK AND GAZAS EMERGENCY JOBS PROGRAM October Rapid MultiSectoral Needs Assessment Mercy Corps Address tangible improvements Support generation business citizens measured education psychosocial services given hard long term real commitment partner conducted assessment peoples evident promote staple diet schools sardine beyond nautical mile mark currently closure restriction adult mostly found limits therefore within zone rapidly depletes generations implications life cycles takeover diminished extension region these professionals stopped fiscal less treat incursions army demarcated prompting question houses receive unsanctioned sanctions undermine democratic peaceful ensure enable entry negotiations increasing leverage Before imposing modify evaluation method include periodical evaluations perspective changing factors opening Rafah crossing etc Currently governance indicators indicator reliable countries solely nearly useless measuring householdbased survey appropriate context combination both policymakers Effects Restricted Access Land Nonetheless adding couple tailored measure specific sponsor joint initiatives create pilot several think tanks research institutions carry type Institute Peace Conflict Resolution UNDP Crisis Group POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS inclusive involves Fatah introduction faces clear opportunity Especially considering interests derailing implied practical changes positively affect Plenty progress remains only preconditions exist allies possible overcome blocks consideration violation bilateral agreements law illegal settlements nondefensive negotiation possibility sanctioned depending impacts parties Develop mechanisms investments wells reclaimed degraded groves andor Conduct study amount delivered contrast much lost reinforce aidsustainability component cost built factoring Design USAIDfunded peopledriven chronicconflict setting opposed standard Focusing cope provided Increase dedicated discussing stability Middle East relates Implementing partners monitor structures require financed force | |
| Local Purchase and Smallholder Farmers: Revisiting the Logic Underpinning Common… | Blake Audsley | 2011 | Food Aid, Local and Regional Purchase | Policy Reports | Recently, local purchases aiming to directly benefit smallholder farmers have gained significant support as a development tool. While a range of approaches exist, many of the commonly… Read more | Leland Fellow | Local purchase and smallholder farmers Revisiting the logic underpinning common assumptions Blake Audsley served Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellow with World Food Programmes Purchase for Progress pilot from The views expressed here are those solely author not necessarily represent Programme its donors partners Congressional Center Executive Summary For number years humanitarian agencies have used local regional procurement supply their food aid operations Recently purchases aiming directly benefit gained significant support development tool While range approaches exist many commonly held that underpin smallholderfocused need revisited Specifically issues related targeting suppliers current measures mitigate price distortion linkages between productivity income contextspecific applicability sustainability goals should more critically debated Moving forward implementing will develop strategies inclusive market actors throughout value chain fully account risks associated redistributing marketing margins manage expectations potential such Introduction sector has evolved rapidly over past decade Practitioners academics alike extensively traditional paradigm inkind donations shipped recipient countries monetized nongovernment organizations NGOs large segments community some time advocated greater share assistance cash finance alternative response modalities transfers vouchers purchasing key stakeholders emerging philanthropic reached critical mass until recently WFP worlds largest relief organization been locally traders exporters developing developed expertise use LRP source supplies timely costefficient manner Yet only broader international begun looking both better leverage increasingly scarce funding well address underlying causes livelihood vulnerability Amongst tools being tested globally what referred Broadly this approach targets attempt catalyze through improvements smallholders access effect increase incomes most highprofile programs WFPs country buying staple commodities using variety tendering practices experiment however Increasingly entered into fold ready expands Despite best efforts numerous engaged there often considerable confusion surrounding This expected involved complex web nearly convoluted agricultural markets they facilitate What follows considers encountered when contemplating members neither endorsement nor condemnation implement roles far too varied contextualized exercise Rather aims outline regularly made regarding why may hold all cases Assumption way help them fallacy requires reality perhaps nuanced Smallholder about how can resources different entry points ways perform particularly vulnerable other words improved outcomes goal though via understand one must appreciate role play functioning There middlemen aggregation cleaning storage transportation processing necessary link producers consumers size scale relative dominance these varies widely Like limited working capital financing capricious policy environments volatility accused sometimes fairly collusive lacking transparency taking advantage also assume incredible amounts risk operate tight Crowding out weakens walks fine line temporary smallscale displacement hopes gradually increasing efficiency fullon crowding shortrun strengthen creating demanddriven incentives concurrent establishing parallel structures put business Large formalized private enterprises able absorb shock small decreases normal base but less likely case smallerscale Relatively modest standards potentially massive amount lost segmented isolated With little similar vulnerabilities compensate Displacing decrease capacity aggregate store transport process leading overall losses resilience thus themselves instances Priority given locating bottlenecks alleviate constrictions Value analysis becomes essential considering interventions instance rationalized solution assumed predatory pricing oligopolistic assumption fact true then root problem lack demand incentivize production rather competition amongst than offering supplyside would reason finding engage could bring new entrants thereby lowering transaction costs Southern Eastern Africa experimented nascent exchanges Unique contexts necessitate unique Targeting every which exactly point require especially intermediate processes end buyers Such take forms currently Increased commodity discovery absence sustainable reliable information systems increased transporters services geographical expansion integrate rural urban fortified milled cereals availability nutritious foods domestic raw inputs These options institutional without involving steeped efficient facilitation work around Purchasing surplus areas sufficient lowincome carries decreasing significantly unintentionally exert upward pressure retail prices negatively impact dependent upon Implementing typically where thick relatively simple data available devolved subnational level microlevel corollary net buyerseller status whether household produces majority consumes primarily Surplus tonnage metrics based problematic ignores expenditure All households least nonfood items Translating dependence terms temporal dimension pronounced seasonality low following harvest peaks during lean period quantity sold farmer worth cost buy back later season seller sell volume However translating same receive sale spend under seasonal conditions Volumebased assessments run inadvertently declaring surplusproducing supplier negative flow high dependency meet consumption needs even changes supplydemand balance greatly complicates unclear situation might survey required investigate further expensive timeconsuming gather consider difference farm relationship expenditures cyclical patterns lagged effects affecting Investigating first step dimensions behavior considered underlines detailed baseline flexible responsive monitoring rapid feedback loops implemented retargeting prioritized comes expense coverage project Aggregate considerations complementary integration Focusing losing sight transmitted thicker exhibit smaller due ceteris paribus resulting transmission accounted Wellintegrated transmit increases quickly poorly integrated degree tied closely wellintegrated freely capable compensating trade greatest target locations connected very literal sense danger minimal localized amplified interregional flows shortfalls sensitive dynamics understanding dataintensive understood operating necessitates targeted regular Market intelligence remain bottleneck recalibration Demand incentivizes debate maximize viewed two yet distinct perspectives From security standpoint yields certainly contribute differs premise validate assertion function nonfarm earnings alongside create occur diversified Considering profit uncertainty frequency climatic shocks carefully incentivizing staples interests strategy effective seeds fertilizers land andor laborconstrained Staple generally lowmargin prone drastic presenting unpredictability environment exacerbated regions politics result interventionist government crop leaving distorted unpredictable Recent examples observed minimum Kenya Malawi restrictions Tanzania extensive reserve Zambia Marginal indeed riskaverse resourceconstrained enhance types crops ownconsumption foodinsecure primary concern foodsecure utilize diversifying interference predictable free regimes higher marginal farming evaluated casebycase basis assess entering particular segment prevailing addition already reflect comparative Diversification means minimizing applies optimal utilization labor produce quality specifications make additional investments drying sorting reach buyer fundamental question occupy downstream space helping capture own evaluation answers sought Smallholders failing recover volatile revenue while profitability displace devoted casual part calculated reduction Farmers engaging chains certain because see generalized characterizes across world attributed social group outweighed offfarm incomegenerating activities suggest performing Pareto optimally slack profitable cutting encouraged Valueadded sustained Incentivizing makes present future national Codex Alimentarius Producing grade agency utilized efficiently valueadded compensated come cannot marketed after exits oneoff gains Furthermore costefficiently maintain compromised subsidized third parties longer periods applicable respect costefficiency conform basic principles conversations pay likequality paying premiums repackaging infant industry argument distorting First providing procuring unfair goods donor money isolate incurred Second inflationary artificially inject liquidity encourage retailers subject budget constraints lowcompetition typify Third above engenders beneficiaries who incentivized competitiveness upgrades allow sustainably Finally inefficient itself Being purchasers distributors subsidy paid betteroff Each dollar spent rations program recipients build pitfalls avoided shown substantial experience informed import parity timeliness appropriateness distributes intensive iteration reserved demonstrated distortive flawed West African rice experienced difficulty competing modernized Southeast Asian including transoceanic shipping Degraded infrastructure postconflict early recovery situations led difficulties chronic acute poverty continues leveraging modality cautiously priming existing institutions accessible aim implementation scaleup posed proponents answer lies differentiating ability procure Indeed origin industrial constitute Barriers insurmountable contrast nature topdown activity objective performance benefits perspective repetitive never competitive administrative having lots supplied per unit decentralized uplift nearby delivery making attractive bureaucratic procedures move tonnages repeatedly processors economies outcompete Donor subsidies removed full evaluating represents costeffective Recommendations positively various lie along path chances success implementers Encourage dont ultimately achieve core runs undervaluing assumes face problems addressed overarching solutions Markets invariably communitys footprint involve cognizant sizeable shifting Just sells his her does mean heshe earning off Where producing product assisted met try force Failing playing livelihoods poor Revisit change Conditions evolve Opportunities Regular macro meso analyses needed constantly update beyond simply reevaluating participants selected economic rationale behind engagement Agencies calls decisions relevant now phase learning attempting reaffirm initial possibly Manage still infancy known gauge welfare positive impacts highly invasive mindful lead unanticipated harmful population seek assist measure humility caution serve practitioners replicate successes learn failures | |
| Guatemala Country Policy Study | CHC Staff | 2009 | Policy Reports, Special Reports & White Papers | In March 2009, the Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellows traveled to Guatemala for a Country Policy Study (CPS) to learn firsthand from Guatemalan government officials and policymakers, UN agencies, and non-governmental organizations about … Read more | Multiple Authors | |||
| Roadmap to End Global Hunger | Roadmap to End Hunger Coalition | 2009 | Policy Reports | Advocates (including legal advocates) | This broad-based coalition of non-governmental organizations, advocacy groups and religious organizations calls on the new Administration and Congress to work together with governments and citizens all over… Read more | Multiple Authors | Alliance for Global Food Security wwwglobalfoodsecurityinfo End Hunger wwwalliancetoendhungerorg Bread the World wwwbreadorg CARE wwwcareorg Catholic Relief Services wwwcrsorg Christian Childrens Fund wwwchristianchildrensfundorg Reformed Committee wwwcrwrcorg Church Service wwwchurchworldserviceorg Concern Worldwide wwwconcernusaorg Congressional Center wwwhungercenterorg Episcopal and Development wwwerdorg Feed Children wwwfeedthechildrenorg Hungry wwwfhorg Friends Program wwwfriendsofwfporg Child Nutrition Foundation wwwgcnforg The Humpty Dumpty Institute wwwthehdiorg LIFE wwwlifeusaorg MAZON Jewish Response wwwmazonorg Mercy Corps wwwmercycorpsorg Oxfam America wwwoxfamamericaorg Partnership Cut Poverty Africa wwwafricanhungerorg PATH wwwpathorg Project International wwwprojectconcernorg RESULTS wwwresultsorg Save wwwsavethechildrenorg United Methodist wwwumcororg Coalition Survival wwwchildsurvivalorg UNICEF wwwunicefusaorg Women Thrive wwwwomensedgeorg Vision wwwworldvisionorg ROADMAP END GLOBAL HUNGER photo credits WFPAlejandro Chicheri WFPGerald Bourke WFPEmilia Casella WFPRein Skullerud WFPPeter Smerdon WFPJorge Gamboa WFPAnneKarine Brodeur WFPAK Kimoto WFPTony Banbury WFPAlexander Joe WFPJim Holmes WFPMikael Bjerrum WFPShehzad Noorani WFPHelen Kudrich WFPRiccardo Gangale WFPMario Bari WFPSabrina Quezada Our broadbased coalition nongovernmental organizations advocacy groups religious calls new Administration Congress work together with governments citizens all over world reach established international goal cutting global hunger half Effectively addressing both chronic acute aspects will require that provide carefully balanced support range programs meet emergency intermediate longterm needs community has made progress towards this past four decades bringing overall proportion worlds hungry down from States provided leadership achieving success However absolute number people continues rise lead our partners effort achieve food security prevent reversal need develop implement comprehensive strategy effectively integrates existing balances short responses adequately funds have proven successful preventing alleviating FOR LEADERSHIP Why should prioritize efforts end For moral humanitarian reasons Because wellfed just economic productive can generating needed political address problem There are compelling why reducing elevated within agenda Although enough produced globally feed there currently million suffering another billion malnourished malnutrition disproportionate impacts most vulnerable populations poor countries maternal child undernutrition cause third deaths children under five roughly preventable each year where knowledge human starvation outrage not yet level required impaired learning health outcomes decreased earning potential seriously affecting possibilities billions worldwide cost national development estimated per Multiplied life span todays undernourished amounts one trillion dollars lost productivity income addition rapid prices led many poorest sell off assets order their families threatening create downward spiral into poverty economically interdependent continued threatens limiting purchasing power valued trading safer Since beginning thirty experienced unrest riots linked higher weak failing states present challenges beyond borders stability become core foreign policy Political consequences severe among main threats such fragile Taking bold steps thus imperative encouraging increased vital interests commitments ending Over last several repeatedly committed Conference joined other establishing ten years Millennium Summit member including agreed eight Goals MDGs first which includes This commitment was reaffirmed High Level again nations agreeing upon actions make eradicating Despite these repeated target fact course witnessed crisis total almost been provoked part rapidly rising eroded whom already spend causing significant increase insecurity across globe March were than they had Regardless current price volatility experts predicting long term upward trend commodity financial compounding seriousness trade flows slow unemployment rises remittances drop investment dries severely reduces who spent combined effects declines resulted two whose incomes reduced kept inflation meant declining access nutritional intake exhaustion limited savings liquidation debt lower school attendance deferred expenditures necessities These developments especially harmful women While captured attention policymakers media public element widespread Even before hit plagued growing rate exacerbation recent shocks natural disasters changes climatic conditions only compounded systemic problems contribute emphasized build increasingly effective able accomplish more available resources WORLD AND THE FOOD CRISIS Proposed Government alleviate series studies report Accountability Office GAO enhance effectiveness policies focused study recommended coordination integration ensures between shortterm longerterm cannot expected shoulder majority investments taking immediate increasing funding following principles guide ensure coordinated sustainable flexible accountable based broader multilateral Comprehensive spread agencies strong mandate integrate requires White House Balanced Flexible maximize reduce interventions while also guarantee particularly response allow appropriate assistance whether commodityor cash according specific Longerterm agricultural systems strengthen expand nutrition reinforce safety nets resilient communities Investments lessening negative climate change Sustainable reduction affordable focus building capacity around continuously own ability themselves supporting best solutions strengthening livelihoods resilience impact hungerrelated allowing use toolbox adapted country Accountable assure accountability improve program clear targets benchmarks indicators gender analysis monitor implementation Part applied developing monitoring evaluation measure Multilateral encourage donor aid recipient share aim employ full diplomatic incentivize obligations coordinate action through institutions system Bank others increases likelihood fair bear fruit demonstrate levels Both utilize skills expertise departments goals three recommendations intended promote UNDER PRESIDENT WHITE HOUSE COORDINATOR WOULD Ensure priorities Assess authorities mechanisms government identify shortfalls scope help adequate sustained predictable Engage relevant process Establish consensus against Report prioritized but relations ensuring issues incorporated activities USTR coordinates key positions like Ambassador Romebased representatives throughout consultation private civil society engaged implementing Promote awareness importance Goal interconnected recognize same hamper affect hope next bring much modernization elevation regard eventually moved prominent position newly empowered structure pave way CREATION OFFICE APPOINTMENT LEAD EFFORTS THIS broad related single official nor Adequate gaps eliminate duplication oversight REBIRTH CONGRESSIONAL SELECT COMMITTEE jurisdiction divided Committees inadequate emphasis often given restoration Select provisions bicameral would issue example during late early examined ranging relief Armenia drought Southern microfinance crucial BICAMERAL Examine holding hearings reviewing reports Special Coordinator Conduct investigations examine Monitor Just numerous Executive Branch offices charged alleviation multiple committees legislative authority DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ALLEVIATE succeed halving involved plan recognizing closely funded without decreasing essential education Strategy fight National articulates theory mission sets guidelines how governing immigration Robust povertyfocused important realizing Sufficient dedicated civilian USAID USDA staff managing ELEMENTS STRATEGY approach transitory requiring simultaneous aimed combating root causes grouped distinct categories some mentioned may fall EMERGENCY RESPONSE MANAGEMENT Emergency direct times disaster conflict difficulties seek save lives provision households approaches local regional purchase conditional transfer vouchers component commoditybased structured flexibility targeting those well providing optimal micronutrient content beneficiaries areas high rates morbidity treat supplementary therapeutic foods care services Also included preventive risk mitigation warning adaptation logistics delivery improvements difficult SAFETY NETS SOCIAL PROTECTION DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Safety social protection designed limit mitigate cashvouchers livelihood inputs protect chronically transitorily insecure seasonal basis simply cover temporary shortages availability household feeding everyone consumes diet home when exist technical pensions targeted insurance grants disabled highly young elderly femaleheaded falling selling disasterprone training infrastructure enhancement andor Evidence shows loss substantially information manage NUTRITION PROGRAMS calories nutrients live healthy include mothers promotion exclusive breastfeeding followed improved complementary practices supplementation fortification hygiene sanitation timely treatment age months critical avert possibility stunting irreversible damage Adding interaction stimulation parents caregivers interacting talking making eye contact engaging eating positive experience integral efficient programming results immediately faster weight gain cognition newborns undermined basic immunizations case management pneumonia diarrhea Resources transfers stronger School feedingfood package living HIVAIDS MARKETBASED AGRICULTURE INFRASTRUCTURE traditionally underemphasized despite rural smallholder farmers suffered lack credit them Investment ways reliably sustainability Programs area smallscale sustain production enabling quality capital producers benefit markets Linkages stable supplier networks microcredit products strategies Knowledge capacities resourcesound market result research governmentto landgrant university farmertofarmer technology land tenure arrangements subSaharan Therefore equity design boost invest generally suffer rights collaborate everything roads storage processing facilities thereby farm costeffectively sold locally regionally nationally internationally Developing could regulatory When negotiating agreements implemented sectors Trade liberalization relationship complicated casespecific completion Doha Round negotiations must tangible benefits stimulate OECD promoting preference authorization periods accounts sources Core Maternal Health Assistance Disaster Migration Refugee Organizations Agricultural appropriations McGovern Dole Education Progress Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Other Economic Support Funds Challenge Corporation PEPFAR above list demonstrates various subcommittees managed agency complementing practice different streams operations rarely field combine distribute commodities cashbased efficiency chart highlight permit reshaping contributions meeting halve combination rebalancing contributing Increasing maximum light foster further discussion consideration Information authorized channel muchneeded objective streamlining designing RESOURCES REQUIRED SUPPORT COMMITMENT ALLEVIATING congressional agriculture supplemental legislation strongly limits recommend regular directly emergencies unanticipated First broken subgoals forth measured prevalence underweight WHO population below minimum dietary energy consumption FAO physical addressed macro Attention guarantees sufficient physically Number December Agriculture Organization Rome Italy httpwwwfao orgnewsstoryenitemicode Lancets Series Undernutrition Summary January httpwwwglobalnutritionseries orgsitesdefaultfilesdc_london ExecutiveSummaryEnglish pdf Endnotes front section Roadmap Recommended Funding Levels Five Years estimate millions Management Commoditybased Title Cashbased fund options IDA Early WarningDisaster Reduction Vulnerability Analysis Monitoring Longitudinal shown brain educational attainment developmental earnings passed generation See Ibid Framework Action Ending Initiative October Programme httpdocumentswfp orgstellentgroupspublicdocumentsresources wfppdf Ivanic Maros Martin Will Implications Higher Prices Low Income Countries Policy Research Working Paper April Washington httpwwwwds worldbankorgexternaldefaultWDSContent ServerIWPIB_ RenderedPDFwpspdf Natsios Andrew Doley Kelly Coming Coups Quarterly httpwwwtwq comwinterdocsjan_natsiosdoleypdf Mickey Leland Library Museum Website Biography http wwwmickeylelandorgbiographyhtml FOREIGN ASSISTANCE Various Challenges Impede Efficiency Effectiveness Aid httpwwwgaogov newitemsdpdf Total suggested burden least lifesaving balance gradually shifts parity recommendation CSIS see serve anticipated decline continue exacerbating Due dramatic crises steady slight slightly average maintaining shortage settings greater reliance easily suit Where voucher stimulating intervention Cash logistical requirements account set aside prevention less disasterrelated Increasingly donors incorporate complement USG track objectives Climate Change Adaptation Nets NonEmergency distribution Build Social Productive carried out PVOs Technical Training Governmenttogovernment Current initiatives proposed contribution LDC GEF emissions scheme generate starting supported estimates costs figures net Many very sick unable helping viewed self ultimate numbers Farm title reached wide association Peace implementors enable encourages expansion modeled Ethiopia career undertake bolster creation structures assist service district counterparts experiences domestic WIC Stamp identified CSMH FeedingFood McGovernDole est column Vulnerable Populations orphans individuals infected affected Good cognitive good foundations integrated sound historic More accounting accurately reflect portion financed devoted now saves survival additional occur Act responsibility GDP Based deliver oral rehydration therapy newborn vitamin mineral schoolage eligible cents day days move reaching Increased deworming takehome rations preschoolage determined being served reauthorization AIDS document outreach Marketbased Infrastructure described developed partnership MCC compact CGIAR CRISP NIFA Coordination Diplomatic Building Targeted Free Agreements Transition Mitigation TOTAL comprised small percentage time reflecting expectation prone financing LugarCasey Emphasis placed improving low sector inclusive reforms formal value chains staple crops fully compacteligible fort irrigation watershed agribusiness compacts creating pathways enter spending MCCs countrydriven mechanism serves tanglible consistent Chicago Council HECTARE legal environments carry agribusinesses coordinationintegration role utilized evaluate longer bridge delays caused budget approval |
At CHC’s June 7, 2012, Congressional Awards Ceremony… Read more we will honor Senator Dick Durbin and Senator Roy Blunt. We invite
The goal of ending childhood hunger can be furthered effectively through alliances of anti-hunger advocates and partners from the education… Read more